Evaluating Theories in Developmental Psychology

Evaluating Theories in Developmental PsychologyMichelle HoldingA key bea studied in developmental psychology is kindle and sexual practice. Sex is a biological term which refers to the genetics and DNA which we are born with. Females are born with XX chromosomes and males are born with XY chromosomes. (Hayes 2000, p664) states that sex is the biological quality of the individual, someone is biologically either male or female.Gender is a psychological term which refers to the gender identity a soulfulness identifies with, such as masculine or feminine. Are gender is not modeld at birth but is learned demeanor. (Hayes 2000, p664) states that gender refers to the social aspects of this distinction, to the behaviour and conduct which the individual engages in as they interact with other people.(Hayes 2000, p18) explains the nature/ raise debate as an example of determination in psychology. Nature and nurture are two opposing view-points concerned with what causes someone to devel op. On one hand naturists foresee development as arising through innate factors- inherited characteristics. On the other side it is seen through development and learning.The nature perspective explains that we are born this way, with reference to gender, our identity is chosen before we are born it is found on genetics and DNA. The nurture side of the debate argues that we learn our behaviours through the environment, with reference to gender, we learn our gender identity through our environment and social interactions. iodine system at heart developmental psychology is the social learning theory. at bottom this theory psychologists desire that we learn our behaviours through the environment we are exposed to within our lives. The social learning theory places great importance on observation and reinforcement (Gross 2010).Bandura (1963, cited in Malim Birch, 1998) conducted a study with the aim of seeing if the behaviours of tikeren were reflective of behaviours they had obs erved. This was a lab experiment, children were separated into two groups. The experimental group was shown video footage of adults behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The hold in group were not shown the Bobo doll. The children were then observed during play with a Bobo doll. Bandura found that the children from the experimental group displayed more aggressive behaviour towards the bobo doll than the control group. This study took place within a laboratory which means the experimenters had amply control over variables, however this means it has low ecologic validity as it is not very true to real life.Another study we looked at within the social learning theory is Smith and Lloyd (1978, cited in Hardy Hayes, 1999). This study was to see if mothers treat a baby differently depending upon the baby existence dressed as a boy or girl. A baby was dressed in either girl or boy clothes. The mothers were then asked to get word the childs behaviour. The results showed that the mothers treated the child in a sex stereotypical way depending on how the child was dressed. This study supports the social learning theory as it shows that parents have an influence on gender roles. This study took place in a controlled environment making it easy to replicate and the experimenters had high control over variables, however this also means the study is low on ecological validity as it is not very true to life.Other psychologists believe we learn our gender identity through the cognitive development theory. Kohlberg (1966) explains the cognitive developmental theory of gender as gender role development is a self-socialising process. This is dependent on the childs sense of being a male or female. If a child is a boy the child impart think I am a boy therefore I want to do boy things and he will gain approval for doing so and find this rewarding. The child will seek out, organise and behave in accordance with the information he has regarding gender roles. Social and co gnitive factors are both(prenominal) important In the gender learning process. In this theory Kohlberg believes that gender development happens in three stages. Stage one is known as gender labelling, at this stage children can identify themselves and others as male or female, gender is not seen as stable over time or crossways superficial physical characteristics. Stage two is known as gender stability, here children recognise that gender is stable over time, boys will grow up to be daddies and girls will grow up to be mummies. However the unchanging nature of gender is not yet appreciated. Stage three is the gender perseverance stage, this is when children have full appreciation of the permanence of gender over time and across situation. (Banerjee, R. 2005)A study which supports this theory is Slaby and Frey (1975, cited in Banerjee, 2005).The aim of this study was to see if childrenss attention to same sex models was influenced by their level of gender constancy. Fifty five, t wo-five year olds were assessed using a series of questions to measure the children at to each one stage of gender development. The children were then classified as high or low on gender constancy. Several weeks later the children then watched a blast with a split screen, male on one side, female on the other, eye contact was measured to determine which model on screen the child watched. They found that the children who had high levels of gender constancy watched the same sex model on the screen. This showed that both cognitive and social factors play a part in gender role development. This study was a lab experiment making it easy to replicate and giving the experimenters high control over variables, however it lacks ecological validity as this is not very true to life. This study is praised for scientifically being able to measure the levels of gender constancy within the children. Other criticisms are that it has low time validity as it was carried out in 1975 the results may n ot be the same in modern society. Only fifty-five children were utilise during the experiment which is a relatively small sample size therefore it can be argued that the results can not be generalised to the rest of the population.Within the two theories we have discussed the significant difference is that the social learning theory move within the nurture approach and the cognitive developmental theory falls within the nature approach. In addition to these 2 theories, the psychodynamic theory looked into the emotional development in relation to gender. With evidence to support all theories it is difficult to determine how we develop our gender roles, however it helps teach the importance of both nature and nurture.Bibliography.Gross, R. (2010). Psychology, the science of mind and behaviour. 6th Ed. Hodder Stoughton London.Hayes, N. (2000). Foundations of Psychology. 3rd Ed. Thomson London.Hardy, M Heyes, S. (1999). Beginning Psychology. 5th Ed. Oxford University stir OxfordMal im, T Birch, A. (1998). Introductory Psychology. PalgraveBasingstoke.Banerjee, R. (2005). Cognition and gender development. online OpenLearn. Available at http//www.open.edu/openlearn/body-mind/childhood-youth/childhood-and-youth-studies/childhood/cognition-and-gender-development Accessed 14 Oct. 2014.Page 1

Effect of the Cold War on America

stamp of the Cold contend on AmericaIntroductionThe Cold state of warfare refers to the continuous geopolitical, economic and ideological struggle that was between the 2 top-notch powers in the west (USA and its NATO ein truth(prenominal)ies) and the powers in the East (Soviet Union). This Cold War began in the division 1947 which was the metre that the Second World War was ending and it continued until the year 1991 when the Soviet Union was dissolved. The term cold was used because there was no medium- spacious scale direct fighting between the East and the West and that there were only regional fights between the countries that the two sides supported.During the cold war, the alliance against Nazi Germ each was secern leaving USA and USSR as the only two sides that strikingly differed over ideologies such(prenominal) as capitalism, totalitarianism, communism and liberal democracy. The two countries were not at any time involved in a full-scale armed fighting but they we re always each armed heavily for a World War III. It was believed that each side held a strong nuclear deterrent that made the other side afr aid to attack because of the alarm of total destruction on its part. Apart from the nuclear deterrent on both sides, dominance on both sides was expressed through psychological warfare, technological competitions and propaganda and espionage. One of the events renting to the ocellus of the Cold was remarks by a British leader Winston Churchill who gave some anti-communism remarks during his speech in the year 1946 (Fleming 34).Ways in which the West and the East DifferedThe cold war is believed to be the most important political issue in the early post war period and it was as a result of long time disagreements between USA and the Soviet Union. However, during the Second World War, these two countries put their differences aside and they were allied. The end of the World War II triggered the resurface of the antagonisms between the two cou ntries (Fleming 44). America had survived destruction from the war and it hoped to share its idea of liberty, democracy and equality with the rest of the world which was in turmoil later on the war. America was much apprised of the effects of the Great Depression that were go through in the years 1929-1940. In an attempt to avoid another depression, it sought to remove all the trade barriers in order to help the dry land create outside markets for its industrial and agricultural products. Free trade would also help other western nations to export their products and w therefore be able to rebuild their nations that were destroyed in the World War II. Generally the free trade would help boost the economic growth of all the western nations and also help to boost the relationships between the countries.The Soviet Union had a different Agenda that contrasted sharply with that of the Americans. They believed in a centralized, autocratic corpse of government that was very different w ith the Americans emphasis on freedom and democracy. During the World War II they had briefly abandoned the Marxist-Leninist political theory but it was still one of the countrys policies. Distraught by the death of 20 gazillion citizens during the struggle, Soviet Union was focused on reconstruction and also protecting itself from another future attack of the same magnitude. Specifically, they feared attack of their nation from the West and hence were very determined to prevent another great attack. The Soviet Union was intent on demanding defensible borders but the in the East. But the Americans had already declared independence and self-government to countries in the east such as Poland and Czechoslovakia(Meernik 68).The Cold War origin was as a result of the differing opinions about the shape of the postwar and this was what led to distrust between the two super powers. Firstly, the conflict started over Poland. Moscow wanted a government that was subject to Soviet impact Was hington on the other hand, wanted a much independent and representative government that was in line with the Western model (Russett 29).Different interpretations of different forms of government were discussed in the Yalta Conference of February 1945 and it provided provisions to ensure that the elections in Poland would be free and unfettered.Harry Truman had succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt and he became the president of America. During his regime, he promised to respond to the international affairs between these two super powers and his decisions to respond to Soviet Union lead to the early Cold war between the two nations. During his first meeting with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov, he made it clear that he was supporting self-determination and he urge the diplomat to implement the Yalta accords. Molotov took offence of this and he exclaimed that he had never been spoken to like that in his spotless life. Truman responded to him that if he follows the ag reements because he will never have to be spoken to like that. This is where the relations between the countries got deteriorated (Meernik 82).Control the Soviet Union then became a policy to the Americans during the post war years. George Kennan who was a top official in Moscow established and elaborated on a new uprise to control Soviet Union. This is because he felt that Soviet Union would not change their stand and hence they had to be stopped by control the efforts of Russia to run the territories. The application of this containment policy was first applied in the eastern Mediterranean. The Great Britain was an ally to Greece where communist forces were threatening to rule a monarchy in civil war, and Turkey, the nation in which the Soviet Union had compelled for territorial concessions and also the mandate to build marine bases on the Bosporus. In the year 1947, Britain could not afford the aid and hence the U.S quickly came in to offer their assistance. Truman was able to then allocate $ 400 million to cater for the economic and military assistance to Turkey and Greece (May 39). Truman and the American society, however, had to dedicate a price for the containment policy. Truman had overstated the threat of the Soviet Union to the U.S and through this there emerged an inspired wave of anti-communism and pave d the way for the emergence of McCarthyism. recognise of the potential conflict to the culture, economics and politics of the United StatesEffect on ideologyThe effect of the cold war not only shaped the abroad policy of the U.S, but it also helped to improve the domestic affairs. In the past, the Americans had been afraid of radical subversion but efforts to root out communism became much stronger after the World War II(Waltz 35). The foreign events made the anti-communist hysteria to be strong. It surprised the Americans when the Soviet Union exploded its own atomic device and this made Americans to fear that they could be attacked by them a t any given time.Economic effectAs the cold war continued fifteen years later that is from 1945-1960, the U.S experienced great economic growth. The war was the main reason that it got back its prosperity and it in the postwar period it was able to become one of the richest nations in the world. The everlasting(a) Domestic Product of the United States improved from $200 thousand million in 1940 to $ 300 million in 1950 and more than $500 thousand million in 1960. This made more Americans to consider themselves as middle class. Major companies also grew larger through merges and they expanded their branches overseas where they could get labor cheaply.Effect on the lifestyle of the AmericansThe workers in America found their lifestyles changing as the nation progressed industrially. Many of the workers became involved in provision of services rather than merchandise of goods. Farmers on the other hand were in great trouble as the benefits of agriculture lead to consolidations and he nce family farms were thrown out of business by the large farming businesses (Betts 37).There was movement of the Americans from inner cities to suburbs where cheaper hosing was found in order to fit the big families that were as a result of a postwar louse up boom (May 51). And as the suburbs grew bigger, more businesses were created such as large shopping centers that reduced traffic of shoppers in the cities. New highways were also constructed so as to make the suburbs accessible.There was also the widespread marketing of the television which had been developed previously but not marketed until after the war.In conclusion, the Cold War was an important historical event. Specifically, it was very important to the Americans as it enabled them to progress economically, culturally and politically. We can therefore say that the United States became even more powerful after the Cold War and up to now it is regarded as the most powerful nation in the whole world.Works CitedBetts, Richa rd K. Wealth, power, and instability East Asia and the United States after the Cold War. International gage (1993) 34-77. Print.Fleming, Denna Frank. The Cold War and Its Origins 1917-1960. 1950-1960. Vol. 2. Doubleday, 1961. Print.May, Elaine Tyler. Homeward bound American families in the cold war era. Basic Books, 2008. Print.Meernik, James, Eric L. Krueger, and Steven C. Poe. Testing models of US foreign policy Foreign aid during and after the Cold War. The journal of Politics 60.01 (1998) 63-85. Print.Russett, Bruce. Grasping the democratic peace Principles for a post-Cold War world. Princeton University Press, 1994. Print.Waltz, Kenneth N. Structural realism after the Cold War. International protective covering 25.1 (2000) 5- 41. Print.

Difference between Coasean and Pigouvian Solution to an environment problem

Difference amongst Coasean and Pigouvian Solution to an environment problemExplain in your ca usage words the difference between a Coasean and a Pigouvian result to an environmental problem? Which type of root do you prefer, and why?The Explanation of the Difference between Coasean and Pigouvian Solution to an environmental problem.In a very simple way, Pigouvian solution prefer to use government intervention to solve externality while Coasean solution prefer to use market method to solve externality.In detailPigouvian theory is ground on the method of modern economics especially based on welfare economics and Pigouvian theory provides a perspective systematic study of the externality problems.According to Pigouvian theory the marginal private net outfit and marginal brotherly net output has following relationships Besides the increasing of marginal private makes, if other spate can still get benefit from the private activities, thus the marginal hearty net benefit is great er than the marginal private net benefits on the other hand, if other peoples benefit is decrease due to the private activities, then the marginal social net output is less than the marginal private net output. In the first situation the conjunction entrust get the Marginal social benefit in the second situation the will face the Marginal social terms.Actually, Externality is caused by the variety between marginal private comprise and marginal social cost. .Without externality, the marginal private cost of production or consumption of an item is equal to the cost of itself. When there are negative externalities, there will cost to compensate these externalities.By adding marginal private cost with the marginal external cost we will get the marginal social cost. On the other hand, when there are positive externalities, the benefits which generated by business activities are not fully occupied by the company, but will also become some external social benefits. Through economic mo del, Pigou shows that because of the presence of external economic effects, the Pareto optimal allocation of social resource can not be achieved by purely individualistic mechanism.Since there is a deviation among the marginal private benefit and marginal social benefit, marginal private cost and marginal social cost therefore the maximization of social welfare can not be achieved only through and through free competition. The Government should take appropriate economic policies to reduce this deviation as much as possible. The proper policy is that when the marginal private cost is less than marginal social cost ( negative externality ), government should impose taxes when the marginal private benefit is less than marginal social benefits (positive externality) then the government should provide incentives and subsidies. Pigou believes that by using such(prenominal) taxes and subsidies, the externality problem could be internalized. And such policy is known as Pigovian solution, an d the tax is called Pigouvian tax.Pigovian solution has been widely used. In the field of infrastructure, the policy is who invest who benefits in the environmental protection, the policy is who pollute who pay(a.k.a Polluter Pays Principle PPP).Over the years, the problem of how to internalizeof external effects is rule by Pigouvian theory. To some extent, Coase theory is developed through the criticizing of Pigouvian theory.Coases critique of the Pigovian solution are focused on the following three aspects. First, the externality is very colonial it is not as simple as one side damages the other side. For example, in the case of chemical grind vs. residents, it is unfair to tax the factory without discussing whether the factory has the right to emission or not. Because, it mayhap the case that the factory is established years before any resident areas was setup, and in this case, the factory may have the emission rights(The example of factory vs resident is from Ronald Coas eThe problem of Social Cost, Journal of Law and Economics Vol 31(1960)). In order to reduce the emission, mayhap the government should encourage residents purchase the redemption instead of just posing tax on the factory. Second, in the case of zero dealings costs, the Pigouvian tax is utterly unnecessary. Because in this case, through voluntary dialog of parties, the optimal allocation of resources can be reached. In this case, with the help of clearly defined place rights, voluntary negotiation can also achieve the optimal level of allocation just as the same effect through the Pigovian solution, then why should the government intervene? Third, even in the case of non-zero transaction costs scenario, we still need to balance the cost of using government and using voluntary negotiation. Pigouvian solution may be an effective institutional arrangements, it also maybe an inefficient institutional arrangements.According to Coase theorem If the transaction cost is zero, no matter how the initial definition of property rights is, optimal allocation of resources can be achieved through market if there is non-zero transaction costs situation, then maybe the institutional arrangements and choice is important, however people still need to do a cost-benefit-analysis of about the government intervention. In order to solve the problem of externality, Coasians market solution could just be as useful as Pigovian solution.Coasian solution shows that even there is a market failure it doesnt automatically means we should use government intervention.Which type of solution do you prefer, and why?I dont prefer either one, I think a mix use of both solutions will be more helpful.ThePigovian theory/solution has some limitations. First, the Pigou theory presupposes there is a function of the existence of the so-called social welfare, and the government is the natural representative of public interest, and the government can distinguish the public interest and then choose the right policy to reduce the externalities in economic activity through intervention. However, the fact is that public policy itself maybe flawed. Second, the use of Pigovian solution is based on the premise that the government knows the cause of externalities can calculate all marginal costs or benefits, however it is unsurmountable for any government to obtain all information to make a Pareto optimal allocation of resources. In theory, Pigouvian solution is perfect, but the actual implementation maybe largely constrained. Third, government intervention also makes costs. If the cost of Government intervention is more than the losses caused by externalities, then there is no reason for use to use government intervention .Fourth, the Pigovian solution may cause the rent-seeking activities, which will lead to waste of resources and distortions of resource allocation.On the other hand, the Coasian solution is also limited. The clenched fist problem is that in order to make the Coasian s olution work, the market should be developed, however, for many developing countries, the whole economy system is still in transforming, I dont think Coasian solution can work very well without a certain protection level toward property right. Second, the costs of voluntary negotiation transaction need to be considered. The feasibility of voluntary consultation is depending on the size of transaction costs. If the transaction costs are higher than the social benefits, then why should we have such negotiation. Third, the voluntary negotiation is based on the premise that property rights are clearly defined. In fact, some property rights of environmental resources such as property rights are often difficult to define or very costly to define.For the environmental pollution problems, policy makers should consider the characteristics of pollution sources, the antithetical costs of regulatory management and institutional arrangement they should also consider the degree of maturity of th e market and many other conditions. Only through a comprehensive consideration can we achieve a better solution.

Anorexia and Bulimia :: Causes of Bulimia, Eating Disorders

Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"When she was fourteen, a modeling agency said that her face was too fat.It was a death sentence." (Toronto Sun, 1994)     Sheena Carpenter died in November 1993. She was constitute on the kitchenfloor of her apartment by her mother. She was twenty-two years old. . . andweighed only fifty pounds. Sheena was just one of the alarming numbers of youngwomen who become ghost with the shape and size of their bodies, and sufferharmful, or in this case, fatal effects from eating disorders. At any given time,almost one out of each two women is on some sort of a diet, and this statisticis apparently reflected the revenues of the diet constancy, up-to-dately a $33billion a year industry. It should be celebrated that this estimate does not includeprofits generated by exercise or workout programs, gyms, health clubs, orcosmetic surgery.     A recent national mess in the US reveled that the majority of women,when asked what would make them happiest, choose turn outness over all other choices,even such thing as job promotion, romance, prestigiousness and power. In fact, morewomen feared becoming fat, then feared dying. These statistics revel an alarmingsocial problem that is reaching epic proportions.Although the topic of eating disorders has gained a larger auditory sensewithin the last decade, the number of cases of eating disorders continues torise at a resounding rate. Today many scientists are looking into possiblecauses for the onset of an eating disorder. The most prevalent and influencingfactor is the media and societys view. They act as a controlling presence forsusceptible individuals. The socioculture pressure on todays adolescent andyoung women to be thin and attractive also play an important role in thedevelopment of eating disorders. Thinness in todays society is associated withself-control, attractiveness, intelligence, happiness , wealth and success. Themedia, fashion, and the diet industry exploit this myth by bombarding us withproducts and services designed to push us towards losing weight. As a result, itis not surprising to find that adolescents who are undergoing irrepressiblebody changes and the onset of new emotional and sexual drives seek dieting inorder to enhance their sense of self-control and acceptance by others.     lately it has been discovered that a possible cause for eatingdisorders is due to an defective hormone. That hormone serotonin, said toactivate in response to food, is still a mystery story and even though it has somevalue as a blood clotting factor, but its functions have yet to be totallyunderstood. At the current speed of progress however, it has been said that we

Legalization of Prostitution Essay -- Prostitution Should Be Legal

Prostitution, considered one of the oldest professions in the world, was legal until 1915 when most states passed laws making it illegal. One of the main reasons for the prohibition of prostitution was to throw soldiers out of the brothels so they would stay focused on the war. After WWII, lawmakers left the prohibition laws in place instead of repealing them. Prostitution should be legal, regulated, and taxed. This would increase the quality of police protection, reduce waste in the judicial system, decrease the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, and increase federal tax revenue. By legalizing and regulating the be of prostitution, the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) will decrease. Opponents of legalization believe that STDs will increase substantially. However, licensed brothels will be required to impose testing for STDs. Implementing weekly sexually transmitted disease testing for all licensed workers will reduce the likeliness of spreading diseas es to multiple partners. Also, having laws in place to enforce condom use by stating that anyone (worker or customer) caught not using protection will be arrested, fined, and will lose their license to work, will ensure the decrease of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Brothels are legal in ten of the seventeen counties in the state of Nevada. Those counties are, Churchill, Esmeralda, Pershing, Storey, Lander, Lyon, Humboldt, Elko, White Pine, Mineral, and Nye Counties., In those ten counties combined, there are fewer reported cases of STDs than the other seven counties in the state (Nevada State Health Division STD Program 2013). The Nevada State Health Department collects entropy concerning sexually transmitted diseases from every d... ...port groups, and attending protests, the legalization of prostitution can ensue.Works CitedNevada brothels want to be good neighbor Associated Press. 10 May 2014. 11 April 2015. http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7805733/STD Statis tics Nevada Department of Health and Human Services. 2011. 11 April 2015. http//health.nv.gov/CD_HIV_STDProgram.htmstatsPuzzanchera, C., B. Adams, and W. Kang Easy Access to FBI Arrest Statistics 1994-2012 Online (2009). 11 April 2015. http//ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/ezaucr/Prostitution Related Arrests Arlington Police Department, 2014. 11 April 2015. http//www.arlingtonpd.org/Prostitution/ProstitutionArrestsFebruary.pdfCundiff, Kirby R., Prostitution and grammatical gender Crimes The Independent Institute, 8 April 2014. 11 April 2015.http//www.independent.org/pdf/working_papers/50_prostitution.pdf

Essay on Picture of Dorian Gray: Dorian as Tragic Hero -- The Picture

The Picture of Dorian Gray Dorian as Tragic milling machinery In The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, we see a bonnie young man who makes tremendous efforts to transform the actual world into the rarified world of trick, dreams and sensations. Dorians quest, however, culminates in his ultimate tragic destruction. Given that Dorian lives a corrupt life, one is likely to focus on the negative aspects of his character. In injure of his significant character flaws, Dorian Gray may still be considered a hero. This essay will examine Dorians degradation from the innocent world to the vicious, sensation-oriented world. The elements change to Dorians status of tragic hero will whence be discussed. At the beginning, the general mood looks like pure and innocent explicit by the descriptions as follows the rich odours of roses...the light summer wind...the heavy smell of lilac(Wilde 5). This opening scene precisely symbolizes the world in which Dorian is situated at present. Just like the beautiful setting, Dorian is a beautiful creature(7) and the portrait Basil draws shows Dorians extraordinary personal beauty(5). In opposite words, Dorian is in front of the mysterious gate of life that has abundant possibilities. At this point, Dorian is ignorant about both the world of idealistic cunning and the world of mundane, earthly values. Dorian merely possesses all youths passionate rectitude(17). With the fateful encounter with Lord Henry, Dorian is ushered into a world of idealistic art and beauty. Lord Henry plays a key role in introducing a new world in which beauty, youth and sensations dominate. First, Lord Henry employs a efficacious strategy of developing Dorians self-consciousness of his ow... ...t in order to kill the noncurrent and monstrous soul-life(192). Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Oscar Wilde. newfound York Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. Cohen, Ed. Talk on the Wilde Side. Great Britain Routledge, 1993. Ellman, Richard. Oscar Wilde . New york Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1987. Eriksen, Donald. Oscar Wilde. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1977. Freidman, Jonathan (edited). Oscar Wilde A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, 1996. Hart-Davis, Rupert. The earn of Oscar Wilde. New York Harcourt, Brace and World, 1962. Juan, Efifanio. The Art of Oscar Wilde. New Jersey Princetown University Press, 1991. Weintraub, Stanley (edited). Literary Criticism of Oscar Wilde. neon University of Nebraska Press, 1968. Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. New York Random House, Inc., 1992. Essay on Picture of Dorian Gray Dorian as Tragic Hero -- The Picture The Picture of Dorian Gray Dorian as Tragic Hero In The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, we see a beautiful young man who makes tremendous efforts to transform the actual world into the idealistic world of art, dreams and sensations. Dorians quest, however, culminates in his ultimate tragic destruction. Given that Dorian lives a cor rupt life, one is likely to focus on the negative aspects of his character. In spite of his significant character flaws, Dorian Gray may still be considered a hero. This essay will examine Dorians degradation from the innocent world to the vicious, sensation-oriented world. The elements contributing to Dorians status of tragic hero will then be discussed. At the beginning, the general mood looks like pure and innocent expressed by the descriptions as follows the rich odours of roses...the light summer wind...the heavy scent of lilac(Wilde 5). This opening scene precisely symbolizes the world in which Dorian is situated at present. Just like the beautiful setting, Dorian is a beautiful creature(7) and the portrait Basil draws shows Dorians extraordinary personal beauty(5). In other words, Dorian is in front of the mysterious gate of life that has immense possibilities. At this point, Dorian is ignorant about both the world of idealistic art and the world of mundane, earthly values. Dorian merely possesses all youths passionate purity(17). With the fateful encounter with Lord Henry, Dorian is ushered into a world of idealistic art and beauty. Lord Henry plays a key role in introducing a new world in which beauty, youth and sensations dominate. First, Lord Henry employs a powerful strategy of developing Dorians self-consciousness of his ow... ...t in order to kill the past and monstrous soul-life(192). Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Oscar Wilde. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. Cohen, Ed. Talk on the Wilde Side. Great Britain Routledge, 1993. Ellman, Richard. Oscar Wilde. New york Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1987. Eriksen, Donald. Oscar Wilde. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1977. Freidman, Jonathan (edited). Oscar Wilde A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, 1996. Hart-Davis, Rupert. The Letters of Oscar Wilde. New York Harcourt, Brace and World, 1962. Juan, Efifanio. The Art of Oscar Wilde. New Jersey Princetown University Press, 1991. We intraub, Stanley (edited). Literary Criticism of Oscar Wilde. Nebraska University of Nebraska Press, 1968. Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. New York Random House, Inc., 1992.

Research or Term :: essays papers

Research or TermPROCEDURE FOR WRITING A TERM PAPER A term (or research)paper is primarily a destroy of intelligent reading in several sources on a particular subject. The task of writing such is not as formidable as it seems if it is intellection out in advance as a definite procedure with systematic perpetration.CHOOSING A SUBJECT Most good papers are strengthened around questions. You can find subjects in any textbook. Simply take some part of the text that interest you and examine it carefully. Ask yourself the following things or so it to see if you can locate a question to answer in your paper. Does it tell you all you might wish to learn about the subject? ar you sure it is accurate? Does the author make any assumptions that need examining? Can two of the more interesting sections in the text be shown to be unified in some useful way? Your paper is an attempt to write a well-organized answer to whatever question you decide upon, using facts for the purpose of prov ing (or at least supporting) your contention.The most common error made by students in choosing a subject for a term paper is to choose one that is also general. (The most specific subject will always have enough aspects to furnish a long paper, if you think about it for a while.)FINDING SOURCES OF MATERIALSA. Limitations. custom suggests that you limit your sources to those available on the campus and to those materials which are not more than 20 years old, unless the nature of the paper is such that you are examining older writings from a historical point of view.B. Guides to sources.1) Begin by making a list of subject-headings under which you might expect the subject to be listed.2) Start a mental capacity file using the following forms.a) Book and magazine article *i. Subject *ii. Author *iii. Title *iv. Facts of publication *v. Library call number b) News storey *i. Subject *ii. Facts of publication *iii. Headline c) Periodicals *i. Author *ii. Title *iii. Name of periodica l *iv. Volume and page number *v. Month and year. Sort these brainpowers into (a) books and (b) each gaudiness of periodicals. Then look up call numbers other periodicals and sort out those for each branch library. This sorting save library time.C. Consult the card catalog in the library to locate books - record author, title, publisher, date of publication and call number.