Cost Accounting Answers

CHAPTER 4 JOB COSTING 4-1Cost pool––a grouping of individual indirect cost items. Cost tracing––the assigning of direct costs to the chosen cost object. Cost allocation––the assigning of indirect costs to the chosen cost object. Cost-allocation base––a factor that links in a systematic way an indirect cost or group of indirect costs to cost objects. 4-2In a job-costing system, costs are assigned to a distinct unit, batch, or lot of a product or service.In a process-costing system, the cost of a product or service is obtained by using broad averages to assign costs to masses of identical or similar units. 4-3An advertising campaign for Pepsi is likely to be very specific to that individual client. Job costing enables all the specific aspects of each job to be identified. In contrast, the processing of checking account withdrawals is similar for many customers. Here, process costing can be used to compute the cost of each checking account withdrawal. -4The seven steps in job costing are: (1) identify the job that is the chosen cost object, (2) identify the direct costs of the job, (3) select the cost-allocation bases to use for allocating indirect costs to the job, (4) identify the indirect costs associated with each cost-allocation base, (5) compute the rate per unit of each cost-allocation base used to allocate indirect costs to the job, (6) compute the indirect costs allocated to the job, and (7) compute the total cost of the job by adding all direct and indirect costs assigned to the job. -5Major cost objects that managers focus on in companies using job costing are a product such as a specialized machine, a service such as a repair job, a project such as running the Expo, or a task such as an advertising campaign. 4-6Three major source documents used in job-costing systems are (1) job cost ecord or job cost sheet, a document that records and accumulates all costs assigned to a specific job, starting whe n work begins (2) materials requisition record, a document that contains information about the cost of direct materials used on a specific job and in a specific department; and (3) labor-time sheet, a document that contains information about the amount of labor time used for a specific job in a specific department. -7The main advantages of using computerized source documents for job cost records are the accuracy of the records and the ability to provide managers with instantaneous feedback to help control job costs. 4-8Two reasons for using an annual budget period are a. The numerator reason––the longer the time period, the less the influence of seasonal patterns in overhead costs, and b. The denominator reason––the longer the time period, the less the effect of variations in output levels or quantities of the cost-allocation bases on the allocation of fixed costs. -9Actual costing and normal costing differ in their use of actual or budgeted indirect cost rates: | |Actual |Normal | | |Costing |Costing | |Direct-cost rates |Actual rates |Actual rates | |Indirect-cost rates |Actual rates |Budgeted rates |Each costing method uses the actual quantity of the direct-cost input and the actual quantity of the cost-allocation base. 4-10A house construction firm can use job cost information (a) to determine the profitability of individual jobs, (b) to assist in bidding on future jobs, and (c) to evaluate professionals who are in charge of managing individual jobs. 4-11The statement is false. In a normal costing system, the Manufacturing Overhead Control account will not, in general, equal the amounts in the Manufacturing Overhead Allocated account.The Manufacturing Overhead Control account aggregates the actual overhead costs incurred while Manufacturing Overhead Allocated allocates overhead costs to jobs on the basis of a budgeted rate times the actual quantity of the cost-allocation base. Underallocation or overallocation of indirect (overh ead) costs can arise because of (a) the Numerator reason––the actual overhead costs differ from the budgeted overhead costs, and (b) the Denominator reason––the actual quantity used of the allocation base differs from the budgeted quantity. 4-12Debit entries to Work-in-Process Control represent increases in work in process.Examples of debit entries under normal costing are (a) direct materials used (credit to Materials Control), (b) direct manufacturing labor billed to job (credit to Wages Payable Control), and (c) manufacturing overhead allocated to job (credit to Manufacturing Overhead Allocated). 4-13Alternative ways to make end-of-period adjustments to dispose of underallocated or overallocated overhead are as follows: (i)Proration based on the total amount of indirect costs allocated (before proration) in the ending balances of work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. ii)Proration based on total ending balances (before proration) in w ork in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. iii) Year-end write-off to Cost of Goods Sold. iv) The adjusted allocation rate approach that restates all overhead entries using actual indirect cost rates rather than budgeted indirect cost rates. 4-14A company might use budgeted costs rather than actual costs to compute direct labor rates because it may be difficult to trace direct labor costs to jobs as they are completed (for example, because bonuses are only known at the end of the year). -15Modern technology of electronic data interchange (EDI) is helpful to managers because it ensures that a purchase order is transmitted quickly and accurately to suppliers with minimum paperwork and costs. 16. (10 min) Job order costing, process costing. a. Job costingl. Job costing b. Process costingm. Process costing c. Job costingn. Job costing d. Process costingo. Job costing e. Job costingp. Job costing f. Process costingq. Job costing g. Job costingr. Process costing h. Job costin g (but some process costing)s. Job costing i.Process costingt. Process costing j. Process costingu. Job costing k. Job costing 4-17(20 min. )Actual costing, normal costing, accounting for manufacturing overhead. 1. [pic]=[pic] =[pic]= 1. 80 or 180% [pic]=[pic] =[pic]= 1. 9 or 190% 2. Costs of Job 626 under actual and normal costing follow: ActualNormal CostingCosting Direct materials$ 40,000$ 40,000 Direct manufacturing labor costs30,00030,000 Manufacturing overhead costs $30,000 ( 1. 90; $30,000 ( 1. 80 57,000 54,000 Total manufacturing costs of Job 626$127,000$124,000 3. pic]=[pic] ( [pic] =$1,450,000 ( 1. 80 =$2,610,000 [pic]=[pic] – [pic] =$2,755,000 ( $2,610,000 = $145,000 There is no under- or overallocated overhead under actual costing because overhead is allocated under actual costing by multiplying actual manufacturing labor costs and the actual manufacturing overhead rate. This, of course equals the actual manufacturing overhead costs. All actual overhead costs are allocated to products. Hence, there is no under- or overallocated overhead. 4-18(20 -30 min. ) Job costing, normal and actual costing. 1. pic]=[pic] = [pic] =$50 per direct labor-hour [pic]=[pic] = [pic] =$40 per direct labor-hour These rates differ because both the numerator and the denominator in the two calculations are different—one based on budgeted numbers and the other based on actual numbers. |2a. |Laguna |Mission | | |Model |Model | | Normal costing | | | |Direct costs | | |Direct materials |$106,760 |$127,550 | |Direct labor |36,950 |41,320 | | |143,710 |168,870 | |Indirect costs | | | |Assembly support ($50 ( 960; $50 ( 1,050) |48,000 |52,500 | |Total costs |$191,710 |$221,370 | |2b.Actual costing | | | |Direct costs | | | |Direct materials |$106,760 |$127,550 | |Direct labor |36,950 |41,320 | | |143,710 |168,870 | |Indirect costs | | | |Assembly support ($40 ( 960; $40 ( 1,050) |38,400 |42,000 | |Total costs |$182,110 |$210,870 | 3. Normal costing enables Am esbury to report a job cost as soon as the job is completed, assuming that both the direct materials and direct labor costs are known at the time of use. Once the 960 direct labor-hours are known for the Laguna Model (June 2011), Amesbury can compute the $191,710 cost figure using normal costing. Amesbury can use this information to manage the costs of the Laguna Model job as well as to bid on similar jobs later in the year. In contrast, Amesbury has to wait until the December 2011 year-end to compute the $182,110 cost of the Laguna Model using actual costing.Although not required, the following overview diagram summarizes Amesbury Construction’s job-costing system. [pic] 4-19(10 min. )Budgeted manufacturing overhead rate, allocated manufacturing overhead. 1. Budgeted manufacturing overhead rate = [pic] = [pic] = $24 per machine-hour |2. |Manufacturing |= |Actual |( |Budgeted manufacturing | | |overhead | |machine-hours | |overhead rate | | |allocated | | | | | = 170,000 ? $2 4 = $4,080,000 3.Since manufacturing overhead allocated is greater than the actual manufacturing overhead costs, Gammaro overallocated manufacturing overhead: Manufacturing overhead allocated$4,080,000 Actual manufacturing overhead costs 4,050,000 Overallocated manufacturing overhead$ 30,000 4-20(20-30 min. )Job costing, accounting for manufacturing overhead, budgeted rates. 1. An overview of the product costing system is [pic] Budgeted manufacturing overhead divided by allocation base: Machining overhead:[pic] = $36 per machine-hour Assembly overhead:[pic] = 180% of direct manuf. labor costs 2. Machining department, 2,000 hours ( $36$72,000 Assembly department, 180% ( $15,000 27,000 Total manufacturing overhead allocated to Job 494$99,000 3.MachiningAssembly Actual manufacturing overhead$2,100,000$ 3,700,000 Manufacturing overhead allocated, $36 ( 55,000 machine-hours1,980,000— 180% ( $2,200,000 — 3,960,000 Underallocated (Overallocated)$ 120,000$ (260,000) 4-21 (20(2 5 min. ) Job costing, consulting firm. 1. Budgeted indirect-cost rate for client support can be calculated as follows: Budgeted indirect-cost rate = $13,600,000 ? $5,312,500 = 256% of professional labor costs 2. At the budgeted revenues of $21,250,000 Taylor’s operating income of $2,337,500 equals 11% of revenues. Markup rate = $21,250,000 ? $5,312,500 = 400% of direct professional labor costs 3. Budgeted costsDirect costs: Director, $198 ( 4$ 792 Partner, $101 ( 171,717 Associate, $49 ( 422,058 Assistant, $36 ( 153 5,508$10,075 Indirect costs: Consulting support, 256% ( $10,075 25,792 Total costs$35,867 As calculated in requirement 2, the bid price to earn an 11% income-to-revenue margin is 400% of direct professional costs. Therefore, Taylor should bid 4 ( $10,075 = $40,300 for the Red Rooster job. Bid price to earn target operating income-to-revenue margin of 11% can also be calculated as follows: Let R = revenue to earn target income R – 0. 11R = $35,867 0. 89R = $ 35,867 R = $35,867 ? 0. 89 = $40,300 Or Direct costs $10,075 Indirect costs 25,792Operating income (0. 11 ( $40,300) 4,433 Bid price$40,300 4-22(15–20 min. )Time period used to compute indirect cost rates. 1. | |Quarter | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |Annual | |(1) Pools sold |700 |500 |150 |150 |1,500 | |(2) Direct manufacturing labor hours (0. 5 ( |350 |250 |75 |75 |750 | Row 1) | | | | | | |(3) Fixed manufacturing overhead costs |$10,500 |$10,500 |$10,500 |$10,500 |$42,000 | |(4) Budgeted fixed manufacturing overhead |$30 |$42 |$140 |$140 |$56 | |rate per direct manufacturing labor hour | | | | | | |($10,500 ( Row 2) | | | | | | | |Budgeted Costs Based on Quarterly | | |Manufacturing Overhead Rate | | |2nd Quarter |3rd Quarter | |Direct material costs ($7. 0 ( 500 pools; 150 pools) |$ 3,750 |$ 1,125 | |Direct manufacturing labor costs |4,000 |1,200 | |($16 ( 250 hours; 75 hours) | | | |Variable manufacturing overhead costs |3,000 |900 | |($12 ( 250 hours; 75 hours) | | | |Fixed manufac turing overhead costs | 10,500 | 10,500 | |($42 ( 250 hours; $140 ? 5 hours) | | | |Total manufacturing costs |$21,250 |$13,725 | |Divided by pools manufactured each quarter | ? 500 | ? 150 | |Manufacturing cost per pool |$ 42. 50 |$ 91. 50 | 2. | |Budgeted Costs Based on Annual Manufacturing | | |Overhead Rate | | |2nd Quarter |3rd Quarter | |Direct material costs ($7. 0 ( 500 pools; 150 pools) |$ 3,750 |$1,125 | |Direct manufacturing labor costs |4,000 |1,200 | |($16 ( 250 hours; 75 hours) | | | |Variable manufacturing overhead costs |3,000 |900 | |($12 ( 250 hours; 75 hours) | | | |Fixed manufacturing overhead costs | 14,000 | 4,200 | |($56 ( 250 hours; 75 hours) | | | |Total manufacturing costs |$24,750 |$7,425 | |Divided by pools manufactured each quarter | ( 500 | ( 150 | |Manufacturing cost per pool |$ 49. 50 |$49. 50 | 3. | |2nd Quarter |3rd Quarter | |Prices based on quarterly budgeted manufacturing overhead rates calculated in |$55. 25 |$118. 5 | |requirement 1 | | | |($42. 50 ( 130%; $91. 50 ( 130%) | | | |Price based on annual budgeted manufacturing overhead rates calculated in |$64. 35 |$64. 35 | |requirement 2 | | | |($49. 50 ( 130%; $49. 50 ( 130%) | | |Splash should use the budgeted annual manufacturing overhead rate because capacity decisions are based on longer annual periods rather than quarterly periods. Prices should not vary based on quarterly fluctuations in production. Splash could vary prices based on market conditions and demand for its pools. In this case, Splash would charge higher prices in quarter 2 when demand for its pools is high. Pricing based on quarterly budgets would cause Splash to do the opposite—to decrease rather than increase prices! 4-23(10–15 min. ) Accounting for manufacturing overhead. 1. Budgeted manufacturing overhead rate= [pic] = $30 per machine-hour 2. Work-in-Process Control7,350,000 Manufacturing Overhead Allocated7,350,000 (245,000 machine-hours ( $30 per machine-hour = $7,350,000) 3. 7,350,000– $7,300,000 = $50,000 overallocated, an insignificant amount of actual manufacturing overhead costs $50,000 ? $7,300,000 = 0. 68%. Manufacturing Overhead Allocated7,350,000 Manufacturing Department Overhead Control7,300,000 Cost of Goods Sold50,000 4-24(35(45 min. ) Job costing, journal entries. Some instructors may also want to assign Exercise 4-25. It demonstrates the relationships of the general ledger to the underlying subsidiary ledgers and source documents. 1. An overview of the product costing system is: 2. & 3. This answer assumes COGS given of $4,020 does not include the writeoff of overallocated manufacturing overhead. |2. (1) Materials Control |800 | | | |Accounts Payable Control | |800 | | |(2) Work-in-Process Control |710 | | | |Materials Control | |710 | | |(3) Manufacturing Overhead Control |100 | | | |Materials Control | |100 | | |(4) Work-in-Process Control |1,300 | | | |Manufacturing Overhead Control |900 | | | |Wages Payable Control | |2,200 | | |(5) Manufacturing Overhead Control | 400 | | | |Accumulated Depreciation––buildings and | | | | |manufacturing equipment | |400 | | |(6) Manufacturing Overhead Control | 550 | | | |Miscellaneous accounts | |550 | | |(7) Work-in-Process Control |2,080 | | | |Manufacturing Overhead Allocated | |2,080 | | |(1. 60 ( $1,300 = $2,080) | | | | |(8) Finished Goods Control |4,120 | | | |Work-in-Process Control |4,120 | | |(9) Accounts Receivable Control (or Cash) |8,000 | | | |Revenues | |8,000 | | |(10) Cost of Goods Sold |4,020 | | | |Finished Goods Control | |4,020 | | |(11) Manufacturing Overhead Allocated |2,080 | | | |Manufacturing Overhead Control | |1,950 | | |Cost of Goods Sold | |130 | 3. |Materials Control | |Bal. /1/2011 |100 |(2) Work-in-Process Control (Materials used) | | |(1) Accounts Payable Control | |(3) Manufacturing Overhead Control (Materials |710 | |(Purchases) |800 |used) | | | | | |100 | |Bal. 12/31/2011 |90 | | | |Work-in-Process Control | |B al. /1/2011 |60 |(8) Finished Goods Control (Goods completed) | | |(2) Materials Control (Direct | | |4,120 | |materials) |710 | | | |(4) Wages Payable Control (Direct | | | | |manuf. labor) | | | | |(7) Manuf. Overhead Allocated |1,300 | | | | | | | | | |2,080 | | | |Bal. 2/31/2011 |30 | | | |Finished Goods Control | |Bal. 1/1/2011 |500 |(10) Cost of Goods Sold |4,020 | |(8) WIP Control | | | | |(Goods completed) |4,120 | | | |Bal. 12/31/2011 |600 | | | Cost of Goods Sold | |(10) Finished Goods Control (Goods | |(11) Manufacturing Overhead Allocated (Adjust | | |sold) |4,020 |for overallocation) | | | | | |130 | |Bal. 12/31/2011 |3,890 | | | |Manufacturing Overhead Control | | (3) Materials Control (Indirect materials)| |(11) To close |1,950 | |(4) Wages Payable Control (Indirect manuf. |100 | | | |labor) | | | | |(5) Accum. Deprn.Control (Depreciation) |900 | | | |(6) Accounts Payable Control | | | | |(Miscellaneous) |400 | | | | | | | | | |550 | | | |Bal. |0 | | | Manufacturing Overhead Allocated | |(11) To close |2,080 |(7) Work-in-Process Control (Manuf. overhead | | | | |allocated) |2,080 | | | |Bal. | 0 | 4-25(35 minutes) Journal entries, T-accounts, and source documents. 1. i. Direct Materials Control 124,000 Accounts Payable Control124,000 Source Document: Purchase Invoice, Receiving Report Subsidiary Ledger: Direct Materials Record, Accounts Payable ii. Work in Process Control a 122,000 Direct Materials Control122,000Source Document: Material Requisition Records, Job Cost Record Subsidiary Ledger: Direct Materials Record, Work-in-Process Inventory Records by Jobs iii. Work in Process Control80,000 Manufacturing Overhead Control54,500 Wages Payable Control134,500 Source Document: Labor Time Sheets, Job Cost Records Subsidiary Ledger:, Manufacturing Overhead Records, Employee Labor Records, Work-in-Process Inventory Records by Jobs iv. Manufacturing Overhead Control129,500 Salaries Payable Control 20,000 Accounts Payable Control 9,500 Accumulated Depreciation Control 30,000 Rent Payable Control 70,000 Source Document: Depreciation Schedule, Rent Schedule, Maintenance wages due, Invoices for miscellaneous factory overhead items Subsidiary Ledger: Manufacturing Overhead Records v.Work in Process Control200,000 Manufacturing Overhead Allocated200,000 ($80,000 [pic] $2. 50) Source Document: Labor Time Sheets, Job Cost Record Subsidiary Ledger: Work-in-Process Inventory Records by Jobs vi. Finished Goods Control b387,000 Work in Process Control387,000 Source Document: Job Cost Record, Completed Job Cost Record Subsidiary Ledger: Work-in-Process Inventory Records by Jobs, Finished Goods Inventory Records by Jobs vii. Cost of Goods Sold c432,000 Finished Goods Control432,000 Source Document: Sales Invoice, Completed Job Cost Record Subsidiary Ledger: Finished Goods Inventory Records by Jobs viii. Manufacturing Overhead Allocated200,000Manufacturing Overhead Control ($129,500 + $54,500)184,000 Cost of Goods Sold 16,000 Source Document: Prior Journal Entries ix. Administrative Expenses 7,000 Marketing Expenses120,000 Salaries Payable Control30,000 Accounts Payable Control90,000 Accumulated Depreciation, Office Equipment 7,000 Source Document: Depreciation Schedule, Marketing Payroll Request, Invoice for Advertising, Sales Commission Schedule. Subsidiary Ledger: Employee Salary Records, Administration Cost Records, Marketing Cost Records. aMaterials used = [pic] + Purchases – [pic] [pic] b[pic] = [pic] + [pic] – [pic] [pic] cCost of goods sold = [pic] + [pic] – [pic] [pic] 2. T-accounts Direct Materials Control | |Bal. 1/1/2011 |9,000 |(2) Work-in-Process Control (Materials used) | | |(1) Accounts Payable Control (Purchases) | | |122,000 | | |124,000 | | | |Bal. 12/31/2011 |11,000 | | | Work-in-Process Control | |Bal. 1/1/2011 |6,000 |(6) Finished Goods Control (Cost of goods | | |(2) Materials Control | |manufactured) | | |(Direct materials used) |122,000 | |387,000 | |(3) Wages Payable Control (Direct manuf. labor)| | | | |(5) Manuf.Overhead Allocated |80,000 | | | | | | | | | |200,000 | | | |Bal. 12/31/2011 |21,000 | | | |Finished Goods Control | |Bal. 1/1/2011 |69,000 |(7) Cost of Goods Sold |432,000 | |(6) WIP Control | | | | |(Cost of goods manuf. ) |387,000 | | | |Bal. 2/31/2011 |24,000 | | | |Cost of Goods Sold | |(7) Finished Goods Control (Goods sold) | |(8) Manufacturing Overhead Allocated (Adjust | | | |432,000 |for overallocation) | | | | | |16,000 | | | | | | Manufacturing Overhead Control | |(3) Wages Payable Control | |(8) To close |184,000 | |(Indirect manuf. labor) |54,500 | | | |(4) Salaries Payable Control (Maintenance) | | | | |(4) Accounts Payable Control (Miscellaneous) |20,000 | | | |(4) Accum. Deprn.Control (Depreciation) | | | | |(4) Rent Payable Control (Rent) |9,500 | | | | | | | | | |30,000 | | | | | | | | | |70,000 | | | |Bal. |0 | | | |Manufacturing Overhead Allocated | |(8) To close |200,000 |(5) Work-in-Process Contr ol (Manuf. verhead | | | | |allocated) | | | | | |200,000 | | | |Bal. | 0 | 4-26(45 min. )Job costing, journal entries. Some instructors may wish to assign Problem 4-24. It demonstrates the relationships of journal entries, general ledger, subsidiary ledgers, and source documents. 1. An overview of the product-costing system is 2. Amounts in millions. (1) Materials Control |150 | | |Accounts Payable Control | |150 | |(2) Work-in-Process Control |145 | | |Materials Control | |145 | |(3) Manufacturing Department Overhead Control | 10 | | |Materials Control | |10 | |(4) Work-in-Process Control | 90 | | |Wages Payable Control | |90 | |(5) Manufacturing Department Overhead Control | 30 | | |Wages Payable Control | |30 | |(6) Manufacturing Department Overhead Control | 19 | | |Accumulated Depreciation | |19 | |(7) Manufacturing Department Overhead Control | 9 | | |Various liabilities | |9 | |(8) Work-in-Process Control | 63 | | |Manufacturing Overhead Allocated | |63 | |(9) Finished Goods Control |294 | | |Work-in-Process Control | |294 | |(10a)Cost of Goods Sold |292 | | |Finished Goods Control | |292 | |(10b) Accounts Receivable Control (or Cash ) |400 | | |Revenues | |400 | The posting of entries to T-accounts is as follows: |Materials Control | |Work-in-Process Control | |Bal 12 |(2) 145 | |Bal. |(9) 294 | | | | |(2) 145 | | | | | |(4) 90 | | | | | |(8) 63 | | |(1) 150 |(3) 10 | | | | |Bal. 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bal. | | |Finished Goods Control | |Cost of Goods Sold | |Bal. 6 |(10a) 292 | |(10a) 292 | | |(9) 294 | | |(11) 5 | | |Bal. 8 | | | | | |Manufacturing Department | | |Overhead Control | |Manufacturing Overhead Allocated | |(3) 10 |(11) 68 | |(11) 63 |(8) 63 | |(5) 30 | | | | | |(6) 19 | | | | | |(7) 9 | | | | | Accounts Payable Control | |Wages Payable Control | | |(1) 150 | | |(4) 90 | | | | | |(5) 30 | |Accumulated Depreciation | |Various Liabilities | | |(6) 19 | | |(7) 9 | Accounts Receivable Control | |Revenues | |(10b) 400 | | | | (10b) 400 | | | | | | | The ending balance of Work-in-Process Control is $6. 3. (11) Manufacturing Overhead Allocated63 Cost of Goods Sold5 Manufacturing Department Overhead Control68 Entry posted to T-accounts in Requirement 2. 4-27(15 min. )Job costing, unit cost, ending work in progress. 1. Direct manufacturing labor rate per hour |$26 |   | |Manufacturing overhead cost allocated |$20 |   | |per manufacturing labor-hour | | | |   |Job M1 |Job M2 | |Direct manufacturing labor costs |$273,000 |$208,000 | |Direct manufacturing labor hours ($273,000[pic]$26; | 10,500 | 8,000 | |$208,000[pic]$26) | | | |Manufacturing overhead cost allocated (10,500 [pic] $20; |$210,000 |$160,000 | |8,000 [pic] $20) | | | | | | | |Job Costs May 2011 |Job M1 |Job M2 | |Direct materials |$ 78,000 |$ 51,000 | |Direct manufacturing labor | 273,000 | 208,000 | |Manufacturing overhead allocated | 210,000 | 160,000 | |Total costs |$561,000 |$419,000 | 2. |Number of pipes produced for Job M1 |1,100 |   | |Cost per pipe ($561,000 [pic]1,100) |$510 |   | 3. Finished Goods Control561,000 Work-in-Process Control 561,000 4.Rafael Company began May 2011 with no work-in-process inventory. During May, it started and finished M1. It also started M2, which is still in work-in-process inventory at the end of May. M2’s manufacturing costs up to this point, $419,000, remain as a debit balance in the Work-in-Process Inventory account at the end of May 2011. 4-28(20(30 min. ) Job costing; actual, normal, and variation from normal costing. 1. Actual direct cost rate for professional labor=$59 per professional labor-hour Actual indirect cost rate = [pic]=$42 per professional labor-hour [pic] = [pic]=$55 per professional labor-hour Budgeted indirect cost rate = [pic]=$43 per professional labor-hour |(a) |(b) |(c) | | |Actual |Normal |Variation of | | |Costing |Costing |Normal Costing | |Direct-Cost Rate |$59 |$59 |$55 | | |(Actual rate) |(Actual rate) |(Budgeted rate) | |Indirect-Cost Ra te |$42 |$43 |$43 | | |(Actual rate) |(Budgeted rate) |(Budgeted rate) | |2. |(a) |(b) |(c) | | Actual |Normal |Variation of | | |Costing |Costing |Normal Costing | |Direct Costs |$59 ( 160 = $ 9,440 |$59 ( 160 = $ 9,440 |$55 ( 160 = $ 8,800 | |Indirect Costs |$42 ( 160 = 6,720 |$43 ( 160 = 6,880 |$43 ( 160 = 6,880 | |Total Job Costs |$16,160 |$16,320 |$15,680 | All three costing systems use the actual professional labor time of 160 hours. The budgeted 150 hours for the Pierre Enterprises audit job is not used in job costing. However, Chico may have used the 150 hour number in bidding for the audit. The actual costing figure of $16,160 is less than the normal costing figure of $16,320 because the actual indirect-cost rate ($42) is less than the budgeted indirect-cost rate ($43).The normal costing figure of $16,320 is more than the variation of normal costing (based on budgeted rates for direct costs) figure of $15,680, because the actual direct-cost rate ($59) is more than the budge ted direct-cost rate ($55). Although not required, the following overview diagram summarizes Chico’s job-costing system. [pic] 4-29(20(30 min. ) Job costing; actual, normal, and variation from normal costing. 1. Actual direct cost rate for architectural labor=$92 per architectural labor-hour Actual indirect cost rate = [pic]=$50 per architectural labor-hour [pic] = [pic]=$90 per architectural labor-hour Budgeted indirect cost rate = [pic]=$54 per architectural labor-hour |(a) |(b) |(c) | | |Actual |Normal |Variation of | | |Costing |Costing |Normal Costing | |Direct-Cost Rate |$92 |$92 |$90 | | |(Actual rate) |(Actual rate) |(Budgeted rate) | |Indirect-Cost Rate |$50 |$54 |$54 | | |(Actual rate) |(Budgeted rate) |(Budgeted rate) | |2. (a) |(b) |(c) | | |Actual |Normal |Variation of | | |Costing |Costing |Normal Costing | |Direct Costs |$92 ( 250 = $23,000 |$92 ( 250 = $23,000 |$90 ( 250 = $22,500 | |Indirect Costs |$50 ( 250 = 12,500 |$54 ( 250 = 13,500 |$54 ( 250 = 13,500 | |Total Job Costs |$35,500 |$36,500 |$36,000 | All three costing systems use the actual architectural labor time of 250 hours. The budgeted 275 hours for the Champ Tower job is not used in job costing. However, Braden Brothers may have used the budgeted number of hours in bidding for the job. 30. (30 min. ) Proration of overhead. [pic] = [pic] [pic] 2. Overhead allocated = 50% [pic] Actual direct manufacturing labor cost = 50% [pic] $228,000 = $114,000 |Underallocated |= |Actual |– |Allocated plant | | | |manufacturing | |manufacturing | |overhead costs | | | |overhead | |overhead costs | | | | = $117,000 – $114,000 = $3,000 Underallocated manufacturing overhead = $3,000 3a. All underallocated manufacturing overhead is written off to cost of goods sold. Both work in process (WIP) and finished goods inventory remain unchanged. |Account |Dec. 31, 2011 |Proration of $3,000 |Dec. 31, 2011 | | |Balance |Underallocated |Balance | | |(Before Proration) |Manuf.Overhead |(After Proration) | | |(1) |(2) |(3) = (1) + (2) | |WIP |$ 50,700 |$ 0 |$ 50,700 | |Finished Goods |245,050 |0 |245,050 | |Cost of Goods Sold | 549,250 | 3,000 | 552,250 | |Total |$845,000 |$3,000 |$848,000 | 3b. Underallocated manufacturing overhead prorated based on ending balances: |Account |Dec. 31, 2011 Account |Account |Proration of $3,000 |Dec. 1, 2011 Account | | |Balance |Balance as a |Underallocated |Balance | | |(Before Proration) |Percent of Total |Manuf. Overhead |(After Proration) | | |(1) |(2) = (1) ? $845,000 |(3) = (2)[pic]$3,000 |(4) = (1) + (3) | |WIP |$ 50,700 |0. 06 |0. 06 [pic] $3,000 = $ 180 |$ 50,880 | |Finished Goods |245,050 |0. 29 |0. 29 [pic] $3,000 = 870 |245,920 | |Cost of Goods Sold | 549,250 |0. 65 |0. 5 [pic] $3,000 = 1,950 | 551,200 | |Total |$845,000 |1. 00 |$3,000 |$848,000 | 3c. Underallocated manufacturing overhead prorated based on 2011 overhead in ending balances: |Account |Dec. 31, 2011 |Allocated Manuf. |Allocated Manuf. Overhead |Proration of $3,0 00 |Dec. 31, 2011 | | |Account |Overhead in |in |Underallocated |Account | | |Balance |Dec. 31, 2011 Balance |Dec. 31, 2011 |Manuf.Overhead |Balance | | |(Before Proration) |(Before Proration) |Balance as a |(4) = (3)[pic]$3,000 |(After Proration) | | |(1) |(2) |Percent of Total | |(5) = (1) + (4) | | | | |(3) = (2) ? $114,000 | | | |WIP |$ 50,700 |$ 10,260a |0. 09 |0. 09 [pic] $3,000 = $ 270 |$ 50,970 | |Finished Goods |245,050 |29,640b |0. 26 |0. 6 [pic] $3,000 = 780 |245,830 | |Cost of Goods Sold | 549,250 | 74,100c |0. 65 |0. 65 [pic] $3,000 = 1,950 | 551,200 | |Total | $845,000 |$114,000 |1. 00 | $3,000 | $848,000 | a,b,c Overhead allocated = Direct manuf. labor cost[pic]50% = $20,520; $59,280; $148,200[pic]50% 4. Writing off all of the underallocated manufacturing overhead to Cost of Goods Sold (CGS) is usually warranted when CGS is large relative to Work-in-Process and Finished Goods Inventory and the underallocated manufacturing overhead is immaterial. Both these conditions apply in this case.ROW should write off the $3,000 underallocated manufacturing overhead to Cost of Goods Sold Account. 4-31 (20(30 min)Job costing, accounting for manufacturing overhead, budgeted rates. 1. An overview of the job-costing system is: [pic] 2. Budgeted manufacturing overhead divided by allocation base: a. Machining Department: [pic]= $52 per machine-hour b. Finishing Department: [pic]= 194% of direct manufacturing labor costs 3. Machining Department overhead, $52 ( 130 machine-hours$6,760 Finishing Department overhead, 194% of $1,100 2,134 Total manufacturing overhead allocated$8,894 4. Total costs of Job 431: Direct costs: Direct materials––Machining Department$15,500 ––Finishing Department5,000Direct manufacturing labor—Machining Department400 —Finishing Department 1,100$22,000 Indirect costs: Machining Department overhead, $52 ( 130$ 6,760 Finishing Department overhead, 194% of $1,100 2,134 8,894 Total costs$30,894 The per-u nit product cost of Job 431 is $30,894 ? 400 units = $77. 235 per unit The point of this part is (a) to get the definitions straight and (b) to underscore that overhead is allocated by multiplying the actual amount of the allocation base by the budgeted rate. 5. MachiningFinishing Manufacturing overhead incurred (actual)$11,070,000$8,236,000 Manufacturing overhead allocated 210,000 hours ( $5210,920,000 94% of $4,400,000 8,536,000 Underallocated manufacturing overhead$ 150,000 Overallocated manufacturing overhead$ 300,000 Total overallocated overhead = $300,000 – $150,000 = $150,000 6. A homogeneous cost pool is one where all costs have the same or a similar cause-and-effect or benefits-received relationship with the cost-allocation base. Fasano likely assumes that all its manufacturing overhead cost items are not homogeneous. Specifically, those in the Machining Department have a cause-and-effect relationship with machine-hours, while those in the Finishing Department have a cause-and-effect relationship with direct manufacturing labor costs.Fasano believes that the benefits of using two cost pools (more accurate product costs and better ability to manage costs) exceeds the costs of implementing a more complex system. 4-32(15(20 min. ) Service industry, job costing, law firm. 1. [pic] 2. [pic]= [pic] =[pic] =$65 per professional labor-hour Note that the budgeted professional labor-hour direct-cost rate can also be calculated by dividing total budgeted professional labor costs of $2,600,000 ($104,000 per professional ( 25 professionals) by total budgeted professional labor-hours of 40,000 (1,600 hours per professional ( 25 professionals), $2,600,000 ( 40,000 = $65 per professional labor-hour. [pic][pic]= [pic] [pic] =[pic] =$55 per professional labor-hour |4. |Richardson |Punch | |Direct costs: | | | |Professional labor, $65 ( 100; $65 ( 150 |$ 6,500 |$ 9,750 | |Indirect costs: | | | |Legal support, $55 ( 100; $55 ( 150 |5,500 |8,250 | | |$12,000 |$18, 000 | 4-33(25–30 min. Service industry, job costing, two direct- and indirect-cost categories, law firm (continuation of 4-32). Although not required, the following overview diagram is helpful to understand Keating’s job-costing system. [pic] |1. |Professional |Professional | | |Partner Labor |Associate Labor | |Budgeted compensation per professional |$ 200,000 |$80,000 | |Divided by budgeted hours of billable | | | |time per professional |? 1,600 |? ,600 | |Budgeted direct-cost rate |$125 per hour* |$50 per hour†  | *Can also be calculated as [pic]= [pic]= [pic]=$125 † Can also be calculated as [pic]= [pic]= [pic]=$ 50 |2. |General |Secretarial | | |Support |Support | |Budgeted total costs |$1,800,000 |$400,000 | |Divided by budgeted quantity of allocation base |? 40,000 hours |? ,000 hours | |Budgeted indirect cost rate |$45 per hour |$50 per hour | |3. |Richardson |Punch | |Direct costs: | | | |Professional partners, | | | |$125 ( 60 hr. ; $125 ( 30 hr. |$7,500 |$3,750 | |Professional associates, | | | |$50 ( 40 hr. ; $50 ( 120 hr. 2,000 |6,000 | |Direct costs |$ 9,500 |$ 9,750 | |Indirect costs: | | | |General support, | | | |$45 ( 100 hr. ; $45 ( 150 hr. |4,500 |6,750 | |Secretarial support, | | | |$50 ( 60 hr. ; $50 ( 30 hr. 3,000 |1,500 | |Indirect costs |7,500 |8,250 | |Total costs |$17,000 |$18,000 | |4. |Richardson |Punch | |Single direct – Single indirect | | | |(from Problem 4-32) |$12,000 |$18,000 |Multiple direct – Multiple indirect | | | |(from requirement 3 of Problem 4-33) |17,000 |18,000 | |Difference |$ 5,000 |$ 0 | | |undercosted |no change | The Richardson and Punch jobs differ in their use of resources. The Richardson job has a mix of 60% partners and 40% associates, while Punch has a mix of 20% partners and 80% associates. Thus, the Richardson job is a relatively high user of the more costly partner-related resources (both direct partner costs and indirect partner secretarial support). The Pun ch job, on the other hand, has a mix of partner and associate-related hours (1  :  4) that exactly equals the mix of partner and associate hours for the firm as a whole. The refined-costing system in Problem 4-33 increases the reported cost in Problem 4-32 for the Richardson job by 41. % (from $12,000 to $17,000) while it happens to correctly cost the Punch job. 4-34(20(25 min. ) Proration of overhead. [pic] 2. [pic]=[pic] – [pic] =$4,900,000 – $4,500,000* =$400,000 *$60 ( 75,000 actual machine-hours = $4,500,000 a. Write-off to Cost of Goods Sold | |Dec. 31, 2011 |Write-off |Dec. 31, 2011 | | |Account |of $400,000 |Account | | |Balance |Underallocated |Balance | |Account |(Before Proration) |Manufacturing (After Proration) | |(1) |(2) |Overhead |(4) = (2) + (3) | | | |(3) | | | | | | | |Work in Process |$ 750,000 |$ 0 |$ 750,000 | |Finished Goods |1,250,000 |0 |1,250,000 | |Cost of Goods Sold |8,000,000 |400,000 |8,400,000

Alcohol Abuse Introduction

Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse Signs, Symptoms, and Help for Drinking Problems It’s not always easy to see when your drinking has crossed the line from moderate or social use to problem drinking. But if you consume alcohol to cope with difficulties or to avoid feeling bad, you’re in potentially dangerous territory. Alcoholism and alcohol abuse can sneak up on you, so it’s important to be aware of the warning signs and take steps to cut back if you recognize them. Understanding the problem is the first step to overcoming it. In This Article: * Understanding drinking problems * Signs & symptoms of alcohol abuse Signs & symptoms of alcoholism * Drinking problems and denial * Effects of alcoholism * Getting help for alcohol abuse * When a loved one has a drinking problem Understanding alcoholism and alcohol abuse Alcoholism and alcohol abuse are due to many interconnected factors, including genetics, how you were raised, your social environment, and your emotional heal th. Some racial groups, such as American Indians and Native Alaskans, are more at risk than others of developing alcohol addiction. People who have a family history of alcoholism or who associate closely with heavy drinkers are more likely to develop drinking problems.Finally, those who suffer from a mental health problem such as anxiety, depression, or bipolar disorder are also particularly at risk, because alcohol may be used to self-medicate. Since drinking is so common in many cultures and the effects vary so widely from person to person, it’s not always easy to figure out where the line is between social drinking and problem drinking. The bottom line is how alcohol affects you. If your drinking is causing problems in your life, you have a drinking problem. Do you have a drinking problem? You may have a drinking problem if you†¦ Feel guilty or ashamed about your drinking. * Lie to others or hide your drinking habits. * Have friends or family members who are worried a bout your drinking. * Need to drink in order to relax or feel better. * â€Å"Black out† or forget what you did while you were drinking. * Regularly drink more than you intended to. Signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse Substance abuse experts make a distinction between alcohol abuse and alcoholism (also called alcohol dependence). Unlike alcoholics, alcohol abusers have some ability to set limits on their drinking.However, their alcohol use is still self-destructive and dangerous to themselves or others. Common signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse include: * Repeatedly neglecting your responsibilities at home, work, or school because of your drinking. For example, performing poorly at work, flunking classes, neglecting your kids, or skipping out on commitments because you’re hung over. * Using alcohol in situations where it’s physically dangerous, such as drinking and driving, operating machinery while intoxicated, or mixing alcohol with prescription medication ag ainst doctor’s orders. Experiencing repeated legal problems on account of your drinking. For example, getting arrested for driving under the influence or for drunk and disorderly conduct. * Continuing to drink even though your alcohol use is causing problems in your relationships. Getting drunk with your buddies, for example, even though you know your wife will be very upset, or fighting with your family because they dislike how you act when you drink. * Drinking as a way to relax or de-stress. Many drinking problems start when people use alcohol to self-soothe and relieve stress.Getting drunk after every stressful day, for example, or reaching for a bottle every time you have an argument with your spouse or boss. The path from alcohol abuse to alcoholism Not all alcohol abusers become full-blown alcoholics, but it is a big risk factor. Sometimes alcoholism develops suddenly in response to a stressful change, such as a breakup, retirement, or another loss. Other times, it gra dually creeps up on you as your tolerance to alcohol increases. If you’re a binge drinker or you drink every day, the risks of developing alcoholism are greater. Signs and symptoms of alcoholism (alcohol dependence)Alcoholism is the most severe form of problem drinking. Alcoholism involves all the symptoms of alcohol abuse, but it also involves another element: physical dependence on alcohol. If you rely on alcohol to function or feel physically compelled to drink, you’re an alcoholic. Tolerance: The 1st major warning sign of alcoholism Do you have to drink a lot more than you used to in order to get buzzed or to feel relaxed? Can you drink more than other people without getting drunk? These are signs of tolerance, which can be an early warning sign of alcoholism. Tolerance means that, over time, you need more and more alcohol to feel the same effects.Withdrawal: The 2nd major warning sign of alcoholism Do you need a drink to steady the shakes in the morning? Drinking to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms is a sign of alcoholism and a huge red flag. When you drink heavily, your body gets used to the alcohol and experiences withdrawal symptoms if it’s taken away. These include: * Anxiety or jumpiness * Shakiness or trembling * Sweating * Nausea and vomiting * Insomnia | * Depression * Irritability * Fatigue * Loss of appetite * Headache | In severe cases, withdrawal from alcohol can also involve hallucinations, confusion, seizures, fever, and agitation.These symptoms can be dangerous, so talk to your doctor if you are a heavy drinker and want to quit. Other signs and symptoms of alcoholism (alcohol dependence) * You’ve lost control over your drinking. You often drink more alcohol than you wanted to, for longer than you intended, or despite telling yourself you wouldn’t. * You want to quit drinking, but you can’t. You have a persistent desire to cut down or stop your alcohol use, but your efforts to quit have been unsu ccessful. * You have given up other activities because of alcohol.You’re spending less time on activities that used to be important to you (hanging out with family and friends, going to the gym, pursuing your hobbies) because of your alcohol use. * Alcohol takes up a great deal of your energy and focus. You spend a lot of time drinking, thinking about it, or recovering from its effects. You have few if any interests or social involvements that don’t revolve around drinking. * You drink even though you know it’s causing problems. For example, you recognize that your alcohol use is damaging your marriage, making your depression worse, or causing health problems, but you continue to drink anyway.Drinking problems and denial Is my drinking a problem? by Harvard Health Publications Denial is one of the biggest obstacles to getting help for alcohol abuse and alcoholism. The desire to drink is so strong that the mind finds many ways to rationalize drinking, even when t he consequences are obvious. By keeping you from looking honestly at your behavior and its negative effects, denial also exacerbates alcohol-related problems with work, finances, and relationships. If you have a drinking problem, you may deny it by: * Drastically underestimating how much you drink Downplaying the negative consequences of your drinking * Complaining that family and friends are exaggerating the problem * Blaming your drinking or drinking-related problems on others For example, you may blame an ‘unfair boss’ for trouble at work or a ‘nagging wife’ for your marital issues, rather than look at how your drinking is contributing to the problem. While work, relationship, and financial stresses happen to everyone, an overall pattern of deterioration and blaming others may be a sign of trouble.If you find yourself rationalizing your drinking habits, lying about them, or refusing to discuss the subject, take a moment to consider why you’re so d efensive. If you truly believe you don’t have a problem, there should be no reason for you to cover up your drinking or make excuses. Five myths about alcoholism and alcohol abuse Myth #1: I can stop drinking anytime I want to. Maybe you can; more likely, you can’t. Either way, it’s just an excuse to keep drinking. The truth is, you don’t want to stop.Telling yourself you can quit makes you feel in control, despite all evidence to the contrary and no matter the damage it’s doing. Myth #2: My drinking is my problem. I’m the one it hurts, so no one has the right to tell me to stop. It’s true that the decision to quit drinking is up to you. But you are deceiving yourself if you think that your drinking hurts no one else but you. Alcoholism affects everyone around you—especially the people closest to you. Your problem is their problem. Myth #3: I don’t drink every day, so I can’t be an alcoholic OR I only drink wine o r beer, so I can’t be an alcoholic.Alcoholism is NOT defined by what you drink, when you drink it, or even how much you drink. It’s the EFFECTS of your drinking that define a problem. If your drinking is causing problems in your home or work life, you have a drinking problem—whether you drink daily or only on the weekends, down shots of tequila or stick to wine, drink three bottles of beers a day or three bottles of whiskey. Myth #4: I’m not an alcoholic because I have a job and I’m doing okay. You don’t have to be homeless and drinking out of a brown paper bag to be an alcoholic.Many alcoholics are able to hold down jobs, get through school, and provide for their families. Some are even able to excel. But just because you’re a high-functioning alcoholic doesn’t mean you’re not putting yourself or others in danger. Over time, the effects will catch up with you. Myth #5: Drinking is not a â€Å"real† addiction like drug abuse. Alcohol is a drug, and alcoholism is every bit as damaging as drug addiction. Alcohol addiction causes changes in the body and brain, and long-term alcohol abuse can have devastating effects on your health, your career, and your relationships.Alcoholics go through physical withdrawal when they stop drinking, just like drug users do when they quit. Effects of alcoholism and alcohol abuse Alcoholism and alcohol abuse can affect all aspects of your life. Long-term alcohol use can cause serious health complications, affecting virtually every organ in your body, including your brain. Problem drinking can also damage your emotional stability, finances, career, and your ability to build and sustain satisfying relationships. Alcoholism and alcohol abuse can also have an impact on your family, friends and the people you work with.The effects of alcoholism and alcohol abuse on the people you love Despite the potentially lethal damage that heavy drinking does to the body—in cluding cancer, heart problems, and liver disease—the social consequences can be just as devastating. Alcoholics and alcohol abusers are much more likely to get divorced, have problems with domestic violence, struggle with unemployment, and live in poverty. But even if you’re able to succeed at work or hold your marriage together, you can’t escape the effects that alcoholism and alcohol abuse has on your personal relationships.Drinking problems put an enormous strain on the people closest to you. Often, family members and close friends feel obligated to cover for the person with the drinking problem. So they take on the burden of cleaning up your messes, lying for you, or working more to make ends meet. Pretending that nothing is wrong and hiding away all of their fears and resentments can take an enormous toll. Children are especially sensitive and can suffer long-lasting emotional trauma when a parent or caretaker is an alcoholic or heavy drinker. Getting help for alcoholism or alcohol abuseIf you’re ready to admit you have a drinking problem, you’ve already taken the first step. It takes tremendous strength and courage to face alcohol abuse and alcoholism head on. Reaching out for support is the second step. Whether you choose to go to rehab, rely on self-help programs, get therapy, or take a self-directed treatment approach, support is essential. Recovering from alcohol addiction is much easier when you have people you can lean on for encouragement, comfort, and guidance. Without support, it’s easy to fall back into old patterns when things get tough.Getting sober is only the beginning Learn about roadblocks to staying sober Watch 3 min. video: Roadblocks to awareness Your continued recovery depends on continuing mental health treatment, learning healthier coping strategies, and making better decisions when dealing with life’s challenges. In order to stay alcohol-free for the long term, you’ll also ha ve to face the underlying problems that led to your alcoholism or alcohol abuse in the first place. Those problems could be depression, an inability to manage stress, an unresolved trauma from your childhood, or any number of mental health issues.Such problems may become more prominent when you’re no longer using alcohol to cover them up. But you will be in a healthier position to finally address them and seek the help you need. Helping a loved one with alcoholism or alcohol abuse If someone you love has a drinking problem, you may be struggling with a number of painful emotions, including shame, fear, anger, and self-blame. The problem may be so overwhelming that it seems easier to ignore it and pretend that nothing is wrong. But in the long run denying it will be more damaging to you, other family members, and the person with the drinking problem.What Not To Do * Don't attempt to punish, threaten, bribe, or preach. * Don't try to be a martyr. Avoid emotional appeals that ma y only increase feelings of guilt and the compulsion to drink or use other drugs. * Don't cover up or make excuses for the alcoholic or problem drinker or shield them from the realistic consequences of their behavior. * Don't take over their responsibilities, leaving them with no sense of importance or dignity. * Don't hide or dump bottles, throw out drugs, or shelter them from situations where alcohol is present. * Don't argue with the person when they are impaired. Don't try to drink along with the problem drinker. * Above all, don't feel guilty or responsible for another's behavior. Adapted from: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol ; Drug Information Dealing with a loved one’s alcohol problem can be an emotional rollercoaster. It’s vital that you take care of yourself and get the support you need. It’s also important to have people you can talk honestly and openly with about what you’re going through. A good place to start is by joining a group such as Al-Anon, a free peer support group for families coping with alcoholism.Listening to others with the same challenges can be a tremendous source of comfort and support. You can also turn to trusted friends, a therapist, or people in your faith community. * You cannot force someone you love to stop abusing alcohol. As much as you may want to, and as hard as it is to watch, you cannot make someone stop drinking. The choice is up to them. * Don’t expect the person to stop drinking and stay sober without help. Your loved one will need treatment, support, and new coping skills to overcome a serious drinking problem. * Recovery is n ongoing process. Recovery is a bumpy road, requiring time and patience. An alcoholic will not magically become a different person once sober. And the problems that led to the alcohol abuse in the first place will have to be faced. Admitting that there’s a serious problem can be painful for the whole family, not just the alcohol abuser. But don†™t be ashamed. You’re not alone. Alcoholism and alcohol abuse affects millions of families, from every social class, race, and culture. But there is help and support available for both you and your loved one.What Not To Do * Don't attempt to punish, threaten, bribe, or preach. * Don't try to be a martyr. Avoid emotional appeals that may only increase feelings of guilt and the compulsion to drink or use other drugs. * Don't cover up or make excuses for the alcoholic or problem drinker or shield them from the realistic consequences of their behavior. * Don't take over their responsibilities, leaving them with no sense of importance or dignity. * Don't hide or dump bottles, throw out drugs, or shelter them from situations where alcohol is present. Don't argue with the person when they are impaired. * Don't try to drink along with the problem drinker. * Above all, don't feel guilty or responsible for another's behavior. Adapted from: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol & Drug In formation When your teen has a drinking problem Discovering your child is drinking can generate fear, confusion, and anger in parents. It’s important to remain calm when confronting your teen, and only do so when everyone is sober. Explain your concerns and make it clear that your concern comes from a place of love.It’s important that your teen feels you are supportive. Five steps parents can take: 1. Lay down rules and consequences: Your teen should understand that drinking alcohol comes with specific consequences. But don’t make hollow threats or set rules that you cannot enforce. Make sure your spouse agrees with the rules and is prepared to enforce them. 2. Monitor your teen’s activity: Know where your teen goes and who he or she hangs out with. Remove or lock away alcohol from your home and routinely check potential hiding laces for alcohol—in backpacks, under the bed, between clothes in a drawer, for example. Explain to your teen that this la ck of privacy is a consequence of him or her having been caught using alcohol. 3. Encourage other interests and social activities. Expose your teen to healthy hobbies and activities, such as team sports, Scouts, and afterschool clubs. 4. Talk to your child about underlying issues. Drinking can be the result of other problems. Is your child having trouble fitting in? Has there been a recent major change, like a move or divorce, which is causing stress? . Get outside help: You don’t have to go it alone. Teenagers often rebel against their parents but if they hear the same information from a different authority figure, they may be more inclined to listen. Try seeking help from a sports coach, family doctor, therapist, or counselor. Next step†¦ Find the right treatment for you. Many effective alcohol treatment options are available, including rehab programs. However, professional help isn’t the only way to get better. There are also plenty of things you can do to help yourself stop drinking and achieve lasting recovery.

Cancer

Cancer My friend Matt was diagnosed with cancer in May 2002. When Matt 's girlfriend, Amber told me he had cancer, I was shocked when Matt was only 23 years old when he was diagnosed. The type of cancer that mat suffers is called leukemia, or white blood cell cancer. This cancer occurs in the bone marrow, but it may spread to blood, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, central nervous system, and other organs afterwards. Cancer is affected by many people every year, including grandmothers with cancer, and is now one of my close friends. First of all, what does cancer mean? Cancer is not sick. There are various types of cancer, all of which are different. For example, there are common cancers such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer and the like. There are various kinds of leukemia and blood cancer such as lymphoma. They are different, but there are also some common features. I would like to discuss these common functions. It is li ke talking about professional sports. You can say that football, football, hockey, fencing, and baseball are all different, but in general they all can be thought of together. Despite all the differences, all of this involves some kind of competition and physical skills. Likewise, cancer has many things in common. One of the most cited articles in oncology (cancer research) is the classical Weinberg paper detailing the eight general features. I will explain in detail later. In 2000, cancer biologists Robert Weinberg and Douglas Hanahan announced an article titled The Mark of Cancer. Although they are aware that cancer occurs through a series of mutations occurring in any of a number of genes. Nonetheless, they point to six fundamental changes in cellular physiology of malignant features. According to the American Cancer Society, about 11.4 million Americans had cancer history in 2010. In the United States, the death of one in four people is due to cancer. The mortality rate of males in 2010 was 229.9 people per 100,000 people and the mortality rate of women was 157.8 persons per 100,000 people. The incidence of males is 556.5 persons per 100,000 people, and the incidence of females is 414.8 people per 100,000 people. In the United States, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths by men and women. (Source: American Cancer Society) As mentioned earlier, most cancers are not affected. The mortality rate of cancer continues to rise. We know that there are many gene mutations in cancer. There is no doubt that the genomic map of cancer proves this. The problem is that you can not find a mutation. There are even different mutations in the same cancer. Despite investing a lot of time, money, and intellectual investment in this new genetic paradigm, we do not see the corresponding benefits. Genetic defects are not the ultimate cause of cancer - they are still only mid-stage and close causes. What we need to know is the reason for causing these mutations. Cancer Recently, cancer incidence in the world has risen. It is currently one of the top ten causes of death in middle-income countries around the world (World Health Organization, 2008). In Singapore, cancer surpasses cardiovascular disease and is the largest death in the past three years (Ministry of Health, 2007). Breast cancer is ranked top of women in Singapore (Health Promotion Council, 2007). Every year thousands of women are diagnosed with breast cancer and about 270 people die each year (Jara - Lazaro et al., 2010). First of all, what does cancer mean? Cancer is not sick. There are various types of cancer, all of which are different. For example, there are common cancers such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer and the like. There are various kinds of leukemia and blood cancer such as lymphoma. They are different, but there are also some common features. I would like to discuss these common functions. It is like talking about professional sports. You can say that football, football, hockey, fencing, and baseball are all different, but in general they all can be thought of together. Despite all the differences, all of this involves some kind of competition and physical skills. Likewise, cancer has many things in common. One of the most cited articles in oncology (cancer research) is the classical Weinberg paper detailing the eight general features. I will explain in detail later. In 2000, cancer biologists Robert Weinberg and Douglas Hanahan announced an article titled The Mark of Cancer. Although they are aware that cancer occurs through a series of mutations occurring in any of a number of genes. Nonetheless, they point to six fundamental changes in cellular physiology of malignant features. According to the American Cancer Society, about 11.4 million Americans had cancer history in 2010. In the United States, the death of one in four people is due to cancer. The mortality rate of males in 2010 w as 229.9 people per 100,000 people and the mortality rate of women was 157.8 persons per 100,000 people. The incidence of males is 556.5 persons per 100,000 people, and the incidence of females is 414.8 people per 100,000 people. In the United States, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths by men and women. (Source: American Cancer Society) Cancer Cancer Introduction In the American community, cancer is the most common disease for most people in the United States. Cancer is well known throughout history. In the early 1990s nearly 6 million cancer cases have been reported every year around the world, more than 4 million people have died. The most fatal cancer in the world is lung cancer, which has grown rapidly since the spread of smoking in the country. Stomach cancer is the second major form of cancer in men following lung cancer. First of all, what does cancer mean? Cancer is not sick. There are various types of cancer, all of which are different. For example, there are common cancers such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer and the like. There are various kinds of leukemia and blood cancer such as lymphoma. They are different, but there are also some common features. I would like to discuss these common functions. It is like talking about professional sports. Yo u can say that football, football, hockey, fencing, and baseball are all different, but in general they all can be thought of together. Despite all the differences, all of this involves some kind of competition and physical skills. Likewise, cancer has many things in common. One of the most cited articles in oncology (cancer research) is the classical Weinberg paper detailing the eight general features. I will explain in detail later. In 2000, cancer biologists Robert Weinberg and Douglas Hanahan announced an article titled The Mark of Cancer. Although they are aware that cancer occurs through a series of mutations occurring in any of a number of genes. Nonetheless, they point to six fundamental changes in cellular physiology of malignant features. According to the American Cancer Society, about 11.4 million Americans had cancer history in 2010. In the United States, the death of one in four people is due to cancer. The mortality rate of males in 2010 was 229.9 people per 100,000 pe ople and the mortality rate of women was 157.8 persons per 100,000 people. The incidence of males is 556.5 persons per 100,000 people, and the incidence of females is 414.8 people per 100,000 people. In the United States, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths by men and women. (Source: American Cancer Society) Cancer Cancer My friend Matt was diagnosed with cancer in May 2002. When Matt 's girlfriend, Amber told me he had cancer, I was shocked when Matt was only 23 years old when he was diagnosed. The type of cancer that mat suffers is called leukemia, or white blood cell cancer. This cancer occurs in the bone marrow, but it may spread to blood, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, central nervous system, and other organs afterwards. Cancer is affected by many people every year, including grandmothers with cancer, and is now one of my close friends. First of all, what does cancer mean? Cancer is not sick. There are various types of cancer, all of which are different. For example, there are common cancers such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer and the like. There are various kinds of leukemia and blood cancer such as lymphoma. They are different, but there are also some common features. I would like to discuss these common functions. It is li ke talking about professional sports. You can say that football, football, hockey, fencing, and baseball are all different, but in general they all can be thought of together. Despite all the differences, all of this involves some kind of competition and physical skills. Likewise, cancer has many things in common. One of the most cited articles in oncology (cancer research) is the classical Weinberg paper detailing the eight general features. I will explain in detail later. In 2000, cancer biologists Robert Weinberg and Douglas Hanahan announced an article titled The Mark of Cancer. Although they are aware that cancer occurs through a series of mutations occurring in any of a number of genes. Nonetheless, they point to six fundamental changes in cellular physiology of malignant features. According to the American Cancer Society, about 11.4 million Americans had cancer history in 2010. In the United States, the death of one in four people is due to cancer. The mortality rate of males in 2010 was 229.9 people per 100,000 people and the mortality rate of women was 157.8 persons per 100,000 people. The incidence of males is 556.5 persons per 100,000 people, and the incidence of females is 414.8 people per 100,000 people. In the United States, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths by men and women. (Source: American Cancer Society) As mentioned earlier, most cancers are not affected. The mortality rate of cancer continues to rise. We know that there are many gene mutations in cancer. There is no doubt that the genomic map of cancer proves this. The problem is that you can not find a mutation. There are even different mutations in the same cancer. Despite investing a lot of time, money, and intellectual investment in this new genetic paradigm, we do not see the corresponding benefits. Genetic defects are not the ultimate cause of cancer - they are still only mid-stage and close causes. What we need to know is the reason for causing these mutations. Cancer Cancer Introduction In the American community, cancer is the most common disease for most people in the United States. Cancer is well known throughout history. In the early 1990s nearly 6 million cancer cases have been reported every year around the world, more than 4 million people have died. The most fatal cancer in the world is lung cancer, which has grown rapidly since the spread of smoking in the country. Stomach cancer is the second major form of cancer in men following lung cancer. First of all, what does cancer mean? Cancer is not sick. There are various types of cancer, all of which are different. For example, there are common cancers such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer and the like. There are various kinds of leukemia and blood cancer such as lymphoma. They are different, but there are also some common features. I would like to discuss these common functions. It is like talking about professional sports. Yo u can say that football, football, hockey, fencing, and baseball are all different, but in general they all can be thought of together. Despite all the differences, all of this involves some kind of competition and physical skills. Likewise, cancer has many things in common. One of the most cited articles in oncology (cancer research) is the classical Weinberg paper detailing the eight general features. I will explain in detail later. In 2000, cancer biologists Robert Weinberg and Douglas Hanahan announced an article titled The Mark of Cancer. Although they are aware that cancer occurs through a series of mutations occurring in any of a number of genes. Nonetheless, they point to six fundamental changes in cellular physiology of malignant features. According to the American Cancer Society, about 11.4 million Americans had cancer history in 2010. In the United States, the death of one in four people is due to cancer. The mortality rate of males in 2010 was 229.9 people per 100,000 pe ople and the mortality rate of women was 157.8 persons per 100,000 people. The incidence of males is 556.5 persons per 100,000 people, and the incidence of females is 414.8 people per 100,000 people. In the United States, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths by men and women. (Source: American Cancer Society) Cancer Cancer Introduction In the American community, cancer is the most common disease for most people in the United States. Cancer is well known throughout history. In the early 1990s nearly 6 million cancer cases have been reported every year around the world, more than 4 million people have died. The most fatal cancer in the world is lung cancer, which has grown rapidly since the spread of smoking in the country. Stomach cancer is the second major form of cancer in men following lung cancer. First of all, what does cancer mean? Cancer is not sick. There are various types of cancer, all of which are different. For example, there are common cancers such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer and the like. There are various kinds of leukemia and blood cancer such as lymphoma. They are different, but there are also some common features. I would like to discuss these common functions. It is like talking about professional sports. Yo u can say that football, football, hockey, fencing, and baseball are all different, but in general they all can be thought of together. Despite all the differences, all of this involves some kind of competition and physical skills. Likewise, cancer has many things in common. One of the most cited articles in oncology (cancer research) is the classical Weinberg paper detailing the eight general features. I will explain in detail later. In 2000, cancer biologists Robert Weinberg and Douglas Hanahan announced an article titled The Mark of Cancer. Although they are aware that cancer occurs through a series of mutations occurring in any of a number of genes. Nonetheless, they point to six fundamental changes in cellular physiology of malignant features. According to the American Cancer Society, about 11.4 million Americans had cancer history in 2010. In the United States, the death of one in four people is due to cancer. The mortality rate of males in 2010 was 229.9 people per 100,000 pe ople and the mortality rate of women was 157.8 persons per 100,000 people. The incidence of males is 556.5 persons per 100,000 people, and the incidence of females is 414.8 people per 100,000 people. In the United States, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths by men and women. (Source: American Cancer Society) Cancer Cancer Introduction In the American community, cancer is the most common disease for most people in the United States. Cancer is well known throughout history. In the early 1990s nearly 6 million cancer cases have been reported every year around the world, more than 4 million people have died. The most fatal cancer in the world is lung cancer, which has grown rapidly since the spread of smoking in the country. Stomach cancer is the second major form of cancer in men following lung cancer. First of all, what does cancer mean? Cancer is not sick. There are various types of cancer, all of which are different. For example, there are common cancers such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer and the like. There are various kinds of leukemia and blood cancer such as lymphoma. They are different, but there are also some common features. I would like to discuss these common functions. It is like talking about professional sports. Yo u can say that football, football, hockey, fencing, and baseball are all different, but in general they all can be thought of together. Despite all the differences, all of this involves some kind of competition and physical skills. Likewise, cancer has many things in common. One of the most cited articles in oncology (cancer research) is the classical Weinberg paper detailing the eight general features. I will explain in detail later. In 2000, cancer biologists Robert Weinberg and Douglas Hanahan announced an article titled The Mark of Cancer. Although they are aware that cancer occurs through a series of mutations occurring in any of a number of genes. Nonetheless, they point to six fundamental changes in cellular physiology of malignant features. According to the American Cancer Society, about 11.4 million Americans had cancer history in 2010. In the United States, the death of one in four people is due to cancer. The mortality rate of males in 2010 was 229.9 people per 100,000 pe ople and the mortality rate of women was 157.8 persons per 100,000 people. The incidence of males is 556.5 persons per 100,000 people, and the incidence of females is 414.8 people per 100,000 people. In the United States, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths by men and women. (Source: American Cancer Society)

Beneficence and non-maleficence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Beneficence and non-maleficence - Essay Example This essay discusses that beneficence as a bioethics principle states that medical practitioners should be of help to patients seeking their service. Beneficent activities are conducted to eliminate any health problems. The principle stresses on the eminence of healthcare offered to patients. Practitioners should accurately diagnose the condition and then apply the adequate treatment. The principle follows the essence of healthcare that is offering health benefits to all. Sick persons enter into a relationship with practitioners in seeking health benefits since health practitioners have an obligation to assist. An example of a beneficent action is advising a lung cancer patient to stop smoking so as to reduce lung infection. This paper illustrates that non-maleficent is a principle that prohibits medical practitioners from causing any harm to the patients. Possible harms are as a result of medical errors. Despite the fact that treatment errors may be unintentional, deliberate situati ons are also evident. The paper tells that practitioners are supposed to undertake deliberate actions in ensuring that errors of omission and commission are avoided and that the patients can trust the health care service. In essence, practitioners should not make negligent steps that compromise the health outcomes of patients. A case of a non-maleficent act is to stop treatment that has dire effects on the patient's health or is uncertified as a safe treatment.

Al Qaeda Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Al Qaeda - Research Paper Example Under these criteria are the 5 levels of anti-US sentiments, and 5 capability indicators. These are built into an analytical framework which consists of 3 parts. The 1st is the scale of intent and capability relationship. Second is the qualitative description of the scale of intent and capability. Third are the 10 levels of thresholds within intent and capability. Using the 'Indicators of Terrorist Group Intentions' in the evaluation of the manual retrieved by law enforcement officers in a suspected Al-Qaeda apartment in the United Kingdom the table below shows: Al Qaeda is a highly capable group and has demonstrated any anti-U.S. sentiment. Al Qaeda would be categorized as a "2." The 2 value was assigned because the manual states the members of the organization will be accompanied by the other members of the country for that operation. Al Qaeda also targets building especially with in line with the economics. Their operations were local and international because of their access in the communication process which was stated in the manual. Al Qaeda was categorized also as a "4." The 4 value was assigned because the manual states the building constructions, choice of exact locations for the target and headquarter for the operation, and etc. Using the 'Indicators of Terrorist Group Capabilities' in the eva... Capabilities in a Changing World; Publisher: RAND (Cragin and Daly, 2004) Using the 'Indicators of Terrorist Group Intentions' in the evaluation of the manual retrieved by law enforcement officers in a suspected Al-Qaeda apartment in the United Kingdom the table below shows: Threshold of Anti-U.S. Sentiment for the Al-Qaeda manual Numerical Value Association with another terror group that seeks to target U.S. citizens and Institutions 2 Targeting U.S. citizens and/or property to pursue a local agenda 4 Al Qaeda is a highly capable group and has demonstrated any anti-U.S. sentiment. Al Qaeda would be categorized as a "2." The 2 value was assigned because the manual states the members of the organization will be accompanied by the other members of the country for that operation. Al Qaeda also targets building especially with in line with the economics. Their operations were local and international because of their access in the communication process which was stated in the manual.Al Qaeda was categorized also as a "4." The 4 value was assigned because the manual states the building constructions, choice of exact locations for the target and headquarter for the operation, and etc. Using the 'Indicators of Terrorist Group Capabilities' in the evaluation of the manual retrieved by law enforcement officers in a suspected Al-Qaeda apartment in the United Kingdom, the table below show: Thresholds of Demonstrated and Perceived Attack Skills Numerical Value Successfully coordinate multiple attacks 5 Al Qaeda was categorized as a "5." The 5 indicator of terrorist group capability was assigned because the manual states the formal line up of all the perfect operation for every instance. The commander to members of the

Education by computer -a better way Research Paper

Education by computer -a better way - Research Paper Example Nonetheless, despite wide acceptability of this trend, there has been debate from many quotas on the suitableness of this, as a schoolrooms method. The question of whether computers are the best way to go has been motivated by a myriad of factors such as, the cost and maintenance of computers and the whether it adds value or it is just a passing fad. The importance of the roles played by computers in the modern classroom will be discussed with the intent of logically proving that they are they are a crucial aspect of modern education. Keen consideration into the basic psychology of most school going children age ranging from early childhood to late teens will reveal one common factor, they all benefit more from practical student centered learning as opposed to, teacher centered learning. Here, computers come in handy; a teacher will instruct a student on how to obtain information using a certain software or website. The teacher will just require providing the basic skills and he/ she will leave the student to do the rest as the teacher supervises. Students and teachers can use LCD projectors, Digital cameras I pads and smart boards among other technological equipment to harness the power of computer technology in class (Meador). ... Besides considering learners today, especially teens spend much of their time on their iPhones and laptops browsing and chatting, it is natural for them to be more interested in a class that has computers. This is because they will using the same gadgets they normally associate with fun and leisure, and having conditioned themselves thus they are likely to react favorably to technology in class ultimately translating in higher grades. As aforementioned, computer education, or education through computers provides learners with invaluable computer skills, which can serve them well in retrospect as they enter the job market or self-employ. Furthermore, there is innumerable gaming software that can be used inside or outside the classroom situation, to develop not only the computer skills but also the psychomotor skills such as hand and eye co-ordination in young children. Math and mind games also help learners develop; analytical and critical thinking and problem solving skills that cont ribute to their personal and professional growth. Other benefits of gaming activities include improved memory and dexterity with computers, which is one of the requirements for one to excel in the games (Salgado). Teachers as parts of lessons can use these games or curricular activities as part of team building by diving learners in groups and having them compete against each other. They also allow a chance for the more bookish students to shine in co-curricular activities to make up for lack of finesse in the field or gym. Online tutoring is another crucial benefit having computers in the classroom since learners are able to stay in contact with their teachers through the internet. They can consult them

Salvador's Dali Influence on Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Salvador's Dali Influence on Fashion - Essay Example The essay "Surrealism Movement Influence on Fashion" investigates how surrealism influence on fashion. Salvador Dali reflected a prominent designer and art creator of surreal. Objects of fashion could be an increasingly extensive force in the instantaneous figure beautification and commemoration of its existence that exceptionally lives in clothes. Just as melody could be projected as an abstract form and real existence, similarly the biomorphic concepts that mark various art of Surreal navigated their path into free dress forms and humankind definition as a conceptual flow between body units. The invention of imaginations offers to clothing adequate indications of narrative and secrecy to happen as a dress function. Fashion industry images including sewing machines, forms of dressmakers, iron boxes as well as mannequins, performed a crucial function in the surrealism theatre. For instance, in the1930s, Surrealism assisted to transform fashion from an increasingly making of dress act ivity to achieve the marvelous vision. According to American fashion historians, Surrealism remains the most crucial and favorite fashion art. However, the profound surreal fashion motivation emanates from influential pieces by superstars like Salvador Dali and his colleague Breton. The work of the two icons influenced editors and stylists to integrate a component of unpredicted collaboration and creative motifs in new contemporary methods. The beauty continues to emerge and maintains an enduring appeal.... Even though, initially Dali was received into Surreal, the Surrealist later rejected a number of Salvador’s work. These contributions were scandalized when Salvador painted â€Å"the game of lugubrious,† which involved a man with soiled picture, and were furious when Dali painted photographs for trade rather than expanding his artist vision. This last straw was Salvador’s agreement to make advertisements for a firm designing tights and by the start of 1940s, Dali’s relationship with surrealists was ruined. Salvador Dali is a prominent surrealist movement artist and an influential art master in the early and later 20th century. Literature reveals that, during Salvador’s lifetime, the world received eccentric paranoid pictures and Dali’s personality triggered various heated controversy. However, Salvador perceived himself as typical surrealist. He argued that the primary distinction amid him and surreal group was that he was a true surrealist. Salvador perceived his fashion to be significant surrealists, and argued that the group of surrealist, by embracing a selected style and some set regulations had ruined its own survival. The group of surrealist, as a result, believed that Dali’s fashion had turned out to be a mystery whereby people looked for the double portraits instead of searching for the paintings, (Baudot, 2001, p.48). Breton, a prominent surrealist leader nicknamed Salvador as Avida Dollar, a Salvador Dali’s anagram and an implication of the prosperity they observed in Dali. Advertisement and fashionable clothes designing (for Salvador indicated a connection between fashion and art) were not appropriate professions for surrealists, and Dali was giving surrealist a negative name and the negative

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 2 - Essay Example Capital market players include, fund managers, commercial banks and investment banks etc. [4, Stella Fernley, Richard Brant and Vivien Beattie, 10 May, 2002] Answer no. 1: The Companies Act, 1989 brought in many significant changes in the regulatory framework in the United Kingdom with respect to financial reporting and auditing. In the year 1991, a new auditors’ regulatory system was also introduced according to which it is necessary for the auditors to hold a recognized qualification along with relevant experience proof. [1, Beattie and Fernley, 1994] Additionally, the work quality of the auditing firms also would be monitored frequently and the failure to meet the prescribed quality would lead to penalties and also may result in the license cancellation of the individuals or firms. [2, Beattie and Fernley, 1998] The dual roles of the professional bodies also lead to another change i.e. the setting up of ‘The Accountancy Foundation.’ The purpose of the setting up of The Accountancy Foundation is the independent supervision of both the regulatory standards and ethical standards of the accounting profession. Apart from this the foundation also sets auditing standards and also investigates public interest cases if accountants are involved in the case. [4, Stella Fernley, Richard Brant and Vivien Beattie, 10 May, 2002] Usually, a number of fundamental concepts of accounting are taken into consideration while preparing the financial statements of the company. Generally, it so happens that the figures in the financial statements vary from one statement to the other. This is because people who prepare those statements arrive at those stated figures based on their judgment in practical. This fact can be understood by considering the following examples: (b) (b) Others would say that this does not go far enough. If property prices are rising, not only should no depreciation be

Global Warming Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Warming - Assignment Example This research aims to evaluate and present global warming. It can be defined as the heating of the earth or warming of the planet due to the rise in average temperature on the entire surface. Global warming has become the most complicated issue facing the world as a whole. It is destined to have various destructive impacts on the earth’s surface, people’s health, and their entire environment including plants. Global warming is predicted to be caused by various greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. These gases cause extreme heating on the surface thus leading to many problems. This is meant to study the causes of global warming its effects on health, plants and humans. In addition, it is meant to discuss the ways that can help to solve the problems caused by global warming. It also focuses on the ways China contribute in global warming and the ways they can be supported in order to reduce their rate of contribution. In gathering information, various articles are used such as newspapers, journals, other reports carried out by other individuals and comparing the findings. Journals would help by telling what global warming is and its causes. It would also help to know the effects it has on the earth’s surface. Newspapers help in gathering the latest effects of global warming. In addition, other sources that may have good sources of information were also used in order to get appropriate information. Results or findings The information collected from several sources indicates that global warming is mainly caused by the emission of green house gases. Global warming is the overall warming of the planet based on the mean temperature over the whole surface of the earth. The main causer of global warming is carbon dioxide that is emitted through burning of fossil fuels like oil, natural gases, and coal. These fossil fuels emit large quantities of green house gases to the atmosphere. The research also found that the most industrialized nations are t he leading nations in releasing the pollutant gases to the atmosphere than the developing nations. This is because industries release pollutant gases to the atmosphere and the gases cause global warming. Some of the nations that lead in emission of pollutant gasses are China, United States and India. The rapid increase in population and industrialization leads to suffering of unwanted environmental problems. Rapid industrialization mainly increases the rate of pollution that is accompanied by a gradual increase in atmospheric temperature leading to increased heating of the surface. The heating of the earth’s surface due to increased global temperature is known as global warming. Due to rapid industrialization in the current decades, the rate of global warming has raised leading to various effects (Revkin 2011). Most scientists point out dangers that the global warming is likely to cause due to the increasing rate of

Reconstruction era of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reconstruction era of the United States - Essay Example Therefore, reconstruction witnessed changes that were far-reaching in the political life of America, which included developing new laws and amending the constitution, which later altered both the federal system and what people defined as American citizen. Republican Party was brought to power in the Southern part of America thereby redefining government responsibilities. Origin of reconstruction in the US During reconstruction period, the greatest American Negros led in asserting themselves of African Americans’ development and enjoyment of equal rights (Le Blanc 2010, p.96). President sparked reconstruction plan in 1863 in the form of ten percent plan to be implemented by the congress. This plan had one-tenth of pre-war voters taking an oath in order to establish a state government in order to weaken Confederacy. The plan went into operation in several parts of the Union-occupied Confederacy although it did not achieve much support from the locals. Wade Davis Bill that was en forced in 1864 delayed plans of forming the Southern government and in place made many voters take loyalty oath; this bill on equality of the slaves accompanying Southern government into Union convinced some Republicans. Lincoln later expressed his views of the blacks, being intelligent and serving in the Union Army had the right to enjoy their right to vote. Reconstruction in the Presidency After the assassination of Lincoln, Andrew Johnson took the presidency and began to work on Presidential reconstruction by pardoning Southern whites while restoring their rights politically and assets except for the slaves. President Johnson outlined how the new state governments are going to be created, abolished slavery, implemented repudiation of secession, and abrogated the debts of Confederate. On the other hand, Confederacy enacted the law requiring all African Americans to sign labour contracts on a yearly basis hence limiting the economic options of the freed slaves, this law only did a reestablishment of plantation discipline; it was strongly resisted by African Americans. Senator Charles and Thaddeus Stevens who was a representative suggested establishing Southern government based on equity of the law. The Civil Acts Rights 1875 was to protect all Americans regardless of race and all would have access to public facilities (Smith and Wynn 2009, p.165). Moreover, the Congress did not seat all the elected representatives and senators, and in place passed the Civil rights bill and Freemen’s Bureau, which was to oversee transition of slaves to freemen. This bill gave a definition of an American Citizen as a person born in the US and has the right to enjoy equality before the law of the land. Johnson rejected this bill after several personal stubbornness, racists’ convictions and beliefs in states’ rights. The rejection of this bill created rapture between Johnson and the Congress making Civil rights Act to become law over presidential veto. Theref ore, the government was able to guarantee Americans equity to all regardless of gender or colour. Radical Reconstruction in the US After the congress elections of 1866, the congress begun reconstruction afresh and by 1867, Reconstruction Act was enacted and through this act, the South was divided into five military districts, outlining how the governments will be enacted. All the former Confederate were readmitted in 1870 and almost all of them were under the control of Republican Party. During this time, the black

Home School vs Public School Essay Example for Free

Home School vs Public School Essay Have you ever wondered what the difference is between home schooling your children and sending them to a public school? How are there learning environments different and similar? How do they teach the state standards compared to teaching them yourself? What are the disadvantages and advantages of home schooling and public school? Doing the research yourself can be a waste of time sometimes or if you don’t have the time. The learning environment of public school is kind of a hassle. They teach the students as a whole, the students can ask for help if they are having trouble with what they are learning. Also public school pushes the students to do their best in class to make sure that they understand what they are working on. The teachers also allow the student to go to the library to learn more helpful things in life. If they can read on their own why not give them the chance to read as many books as they want and not limit them. Some teachers want to challenge the children in their reading and it also improves your children’s reading score and lets them understand and comprehend more words. Also public school is very good at socializing your children with other children there age and they make friends to play with each other. Home schooling environment is more on the pace of the adult that is teaching the children. The adult also chooses the setting to have the children in, as well as the environment could be in a loud place or a calm relaxing environment. Messing with the environment of the children can make it so that they end up misbehaving and not listening due to them being stressed. Home schooling background also makes it harder to socialize your children to other children there age and you could also cause issues with other children and your children. All schools follow a state standard that all students are supposed to pass without ease. Public schools follow a chart that states what the students need to learn that week, and that is what they should be learning and have it learned by the end of the that lesson week. If any student doesn’t completely understand the lessons that are told to leave the room and to go see a different teacher to have them explain it to them. As well if you were to fall behind in your school work, they normally don’t help you make it up, they will give you at least two days to get the work turned in or it would be counted as incomplete and that would lower your grade. You would have to get the notes from a friend to understand how to do the assignment, also you get a tutor that is easier to come to your home then to school for one on one learning. When you are the one that is teaching and you can teach at your own pace or the pace that your children want to learn the material. If they are grasping the concept very well without any issues then they could move onto a different lesson. As though there are some students that need the special help and you could be on that lesson or that material for a month. As long as you get the lessons for that whole year done then you would be on tract with the lessons. The advantages of a public school is to have some alone time with yourself and to have time away from the children and be able to run errands and go to doctor appointments without the kids. Being able to be alone in the house without children is the best time to clean and complete your grocery shopping. The disadvantages of public school are all the drama that occurs within the walls of the school. The administrators are also sometimes not the best people to have around your children. Sometimes how they treat their students due to them being out of school very often or if they are having a hard time in school and the teacher doesn’t not want to help. The advantages of home schooling would be having more family time and being able to monitor the progress of the children’s learning ability to read and to understand how to comprehend how they solve the work. Also if the child is sick you wouldn’t have to go pick them up from school, they would already be home. You wouldn’t also have to deal with the drama between your children and other children and the teachers. The disadvantages of home schooling is that you would very rarely get time alone without the children and it could stress you out and make you feel like you have been enclosed in a cocoon. Having the ability to send the children off to school and be able to be your own person and not have to listen to the children whine about something and to get them to understand what it is like to be socialized is all beneficial in the end. Having the ability to completely understand the difference between the two different types of schools that are out there to allow your children to go to and them enjoy either choice that you choose. With people having their own opinions about certain schools why not get the information straight from the information and based on what the opinions say. Having the feeling that you did your research and your children are getting the education that you would like them to have it a good feeling. Finding the right reasons and the wrong reasons for sending your children to a school that you have looked at is better than not knowing about it at all.

Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. Essay Example for Free

Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. Essay The problem associated with this case is whether or not the company should introduce a new energy beverage brand into the market. If a profitable market opportunity exists for the company to enter the energy beverage market the next step would be to identify a target market and marketing mix along with a product line and brand positioning. The best opportunity for the company to gain market share is to target adult energy drinkers from ages 35 to 54 since none of the competitors are catering towards this segment. Bottlers, distributors, and retailers are unlikely to produce and stock more than two SKUs of a new energy drink brand so it would be best to introduce a regular 16ounce single-serve package that consists of two different flavors. Since regular energy beverages hold 80% share of the market selecting regular is best, and since the 16ounce energy drinks represent 50% of case sales in convenience stores and want a high turnover to maintain prevalence in convenience stores its best to go with a 16ounce size. Also having two different flavors to choose from will help increase chance of trial rather than have only one flavor and have regular and sugar free or have one flavor and two different sizes. In positioning the brand the company should differentiate the energy drink from competitors by basis of packaging and select the 16.9ounce single-serve aluminum bottle with a resealable screw cap, and also by ingredients in having lower carbohydrates in the formulation. The energy brand should be distributed to all types of off-premise retailers where beverages are sold for maximum sales. The company’s U.S. media expenditure should be $12.6 million, equal to that of Tag Energy’s U.S. media expenditure which lead to a 2.3% dollar market share, because Tag Energy was also new to the energy beverage market and targeted to a certain demographic the company should experience a similar result. The manufacturer’s suggested retail selling price should be $2.29. Higher than the average $2.00 per single-serve because of it’s unique  point of difference – lower carbohydrates and aluminum bottle with resealable screw cap. Market sales potential for the company’s target market is equal to $1.608 (Exhibit 1) billion and market sales forecast is equal to $133.202 million (Exhibit 2). With a retail trade margin equal to 40% the company’s selling price to retailers would be $.961 (Exhibit 3). Thus from the market sales forecast of $133.202 million the company would receive $79.921 million in revenue, and with the company’s contribution margin of 30% total profit would be equal to $22.378 million (Exhibit 4).